Antigua Tortuga Vintage Tortuga Antigua Victoriana Oriental Retro Oro Brillo Retro

EUR 70,75 ¡Cómpralo ya! o Mejor oferta, EUR 14,14 Envío, 30-Día Devoluciones, Garantía al cliente de eBay
Vendedor: lasvegasormonaco ✉️ (3.187) 99.7%, Ubicación del artículo: Manchester, Take a look at my other items, GB, Realiza envíos a: WORLDWIDE, Número de artículo: 266622665155 Antigua Tortuga Vintage Tortuga Antigua Victoriana Oriental Retro Oro Brillo Retro. Significant types Orenstein 2012, pp. 252–253. Animal Cognition. 23 (1): 159–167. ISSN 1435-9456. PMID 31720927. S2CID 207962281. "Reptiles Known as 'Living Rocks' Show Surprising Cognitive Powers". Turtle Ornament
This is a Brass or Bronze Turtle or Tortoise  Statuette The dimensions are 70 mm x  30 mm x 50 mm and it weights 109 grams

A wonderful item for anyone who loves Turtles

It would be a super addition to any collection, excellent display, practical piece or authentic period prop. I have been told it is probably Victorian In Very good  condition  for its age over 100 years old   Comes from a pet and smoke free home Sorry about the poor quality photos.  They don't  do the plate  justice which looks a lot better in real life Like all my Auctions Bidding starts a a penny with no reserve... if your the only bidder you win it for 1p...Grab a Bargain!
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Turtle Temporal range: Late Jurassic – Present  PreꞒꞒOSDCPTJKPgN Turtle diversity.jpg Turtles from different families; clockwise from top-left: Red-bellied short-necked turtle, Indian flapshell turtle, Hawksbill sea turtle, and Galápagos tortoise Scientific classificatione Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Clade: Pantestudines Clade: Testudinata Clade: Perichelydia Order: Testudines Batsch, 1788[1] Subgroups Cryptodira Pleurodira †Paracryptodira Diversity 14 living families World.distribution.testudines.1.png Blue: sea turtles, black: land turtles Synonyms[2] Chelonii Latreille 1800 Chelonia Ross and Macartney 1802 Turtles are an order of reptiles known as Testudines, characterized by a shell developed mainly from their ribs. Modern turtles are divided into two major groups, the Pleurodira (side necked turtles) and Cryptodira (hidden necked turtles), which differ in the way the head retracts. There are 360 living and recently extinct species of turtles, including land-dwelling tortoises and freshwater terrapins. They are found on most continents, some islands and, in the case of sea turtles, much of the ocean. Like other reptiles, birds, and mammals, they breathe air and do not lay eggs underwater, although many species live in or around water. Genetic evidence typically places them in close relation to crocodilians and birds. Turtle shells are made mostly of bone; the upper part is the domed carapace, while the underside is the flatter plastron or belly-plate. Its outer surface is covered in scales made of keratin, the material of hair, horns, and claws. The carapace bones develop from ribs that grow sideways and develop into broad flat plates that join up to cover the body. Turtles are ectotherms or "cold-blooded", meaning that their internal temperature varies with their direct environment. They are generally opportunistic omnivores and mainly feed on plants and animals with limited movements. Many turtles migrate short distances seasonally. Sea turtles are the only reptiles that migrate long distances to lay their eggs on a favored beach. Turtles have appeared in myths and folktales around the world. Some terrestrial and freshwater species are widely kept as pets. Turtles have been hunted for their meat, for use in traditional medicine, and for their shells. Sea turtles are often killed accidentally as bycatch in fishing nets. Turtle habitats around the world are being destroyed. As a result of these pressures, many species are threatened with extinction. Naming and etymology The word turtle is derived from the French tortue or tortre ('turtle, tortoise').[3] It is a common name and may be used without knowledge of taxonomic distinctions. In North America, it may denote the order as a whole. In Britain, the name is used for sea turtles as opposed to freshwater terrapins and land-dwelling tortoises. In Australia, which lacks true tortoises (family Testudinidae), non-marine turtles were traditionally called tortoises, but more recently turtle has been used for the entire group.[4] The name of the order, Testudines (/tɛˈstjuːdɪniːz/ teh-STEW-din-eez), is based on the Latin word for tortoise, testudo;[5] and was coined by German naturalist August Batsch in 1788.[1] The order has also been historically known as Chelonii (Latreille 1800) and Chelonia (Ross and Macartney 1802),[2] which are based on the Ancient Greek word for tortoise: χελώνη (chelone).[6][7] Testudines is the official order name due to the principle of priority.[2] The term chelonian is used as a formal name for members of the group.[1][8] Anatomy and physiology Size The largest living species of turtle (and fourth-largest reptile) is the leatherback turtle, which can reach over 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in) in length and weigh over 500 kg (1,100 lb).[9] The largest known turtle was Archelon ischyros, a Late Cretaceous sea turtle up to 4.5 m (15 ft) long, 5.25 m (17 ft) wide between the tips of the front flippers, and estimated to have weighed over 2,200 kg (4,900 lb).[10] The smallest living turtle is Chersobius signatus of South Africa, measuring no more than 10 cm (3.9 in) in length[11] and weighing 172 g (6.1 oz).[12] Shell Main article: Turtle shell Photograph of one half of a tortoise skeleton, cut in half vertically showing the vertebrae following curving along the carapace Sagittal section of a tortoise skeleton The shell of a turtle is unique among vertebrates and serves to protect the animal and provide shelter from the elements.[13][14][15] It is primarily made of 50–60 bones and consists of two parts: the domed, dorsal (back) carapace and the flatter, ventral (belly) plastron. They are connected by lateral (side) extensions of the plastron.[13][16] The carapace is fused with the vertebrae and ribs while the plastron is formed from bones of the shoulder girdle, sternum, and gastralia (abdominal ribs).[13] During development, the ribs grow sideways into a carapacial ridge, unique to turtles, entering the dermis (inner skin) of the back to support the carapace. The development is signaled locally by proteins known as fibroblast growth factors that include FGF10.[17] The shoulder girdle in turtles is made up of two bones, the scapula and the coracoid.[18] Both the shoulder and pelvic girdles of turtles are located within the shell and hence are effectively within the rib cage. The trunk ribs grow over the shoulder girdle during development.[19] Drawing of a section through a turtle embryo showing formation of the shell, with the ribs growing sideways Development of the shell. The ribs are growing sideways into the carapacial ridge, seen here as a bud, to support the carapace.[17] The shell is covered in epidermal (outer skin) scales known as scutes that are made of keratin, the same substance that makes up hair and fingernails. Typically, a turtle has 38 scutes on the carapace and 16 on the plastron, giving them 54 in total. Carapace scutes are divided into "marginals" around the margin and "vertebrals" over the vertebral column, though the scute that overlays the neck is called the "cervical". "Pleurals" are present between the marginals and vertebrals.[20] Plastron scutes include gulars (throat), humerals, pectorals, abdominals, and anals. Side-necked turtles additionally have "intergular" scutes between the gulars.[16][21] Turtle scutes are usually structured like mosaic tiles, but some species, like the hawksbill sea turtle, have overlapping scutes on the carapace.[16] The shapes of turtle shells vary with the adaptations of the individual species, and sometimes with sex. Land-dwelling turtles are more dome-shaped, which appears to make them more resistant to being crushed by large animals. Aquatic turtles have flatter, smoother shells that allow them to cut through the water. Sea turtles in particular have streamlined shells that reduce drag and increase stability in the open ocean. Some turtle species have pointy or spiked shells that provide extra protection from predators and camouflage against the leafy ground. The lumps of a tortoise shell can tilt its body when it gets flipped over, allowing it to flip back. In male tortoises, the tip of the plastron is thickened and used for butting and ramming during combat.[22] Shells vary in flexibility. Some species, such as box turtles, lack the lateral extensions and instead have the carapace bones fully fused or ankylosed together. Several species have hinges on their shells, usually on the plastron, which allow them to expand and contract. Softshell turtles have rubbery edges, due to the loss of bones. The leatherback turtle has hardly any bones in its shell, but has thick connective tissue and an outer layer of leathery skin.[23] Head and neck Closeup of the head and neck of turtle Head and neck of a European pond turtle The turtle's skull is unique among living amniotes (which includes reptiles, birds and mammals), it is solid and rigid with no openings for muscle attachment (temporal fenestrae).[24][25] Muscles instead attach to recesses in the back of the skull. Turtle skulls vary in shape, from the long and narrow skulls of softshells to the broad and flattened skull of the mata mata.[25] Some turtle species have developed large and thick heads, allowing for greater muscle mass and stronger bites.[26] Turtles that are carnivorous or durophagous (eating hard-shelled animals) have the most powerful bites. For example, the durophagous Mesoclemmys nasuta has a bite force of 432 lbf (1,920 N). Species that are insectivorous, piscivorous (fish-eating), or omnivorous have lower bite forces.[27] Living turtles lack teeth but have beaks made of keratin sheaths along the edges of the jaws.[28][13] These sheaths may have sharp edges for cutting meat, serrations for clipping plants, or broad plates for breaking mollusks.[29] The necks of turtles are highly flexible, possibly to compensate for their rigid shells. Some species, like sea turtles, have short necks while others, such as snake-necked turtles, have long ones. Despite this, all turtle species have eight neck vertebrae, a consistency not found in other reptiles but similar to mammals.[30] Some snake-necked turtles have both long necks and large heads, limiting their ability to lift them when not in water.[26] Some turtles have folded structures in the larynx or glottis that vibrate to produce sound. Other species have elastin-rich vocal cords.[31][32] Limbs and locomotion Due to their heavy shells, turtles are slow-moving on land. A desert tortoise moves at only 0.22–0.48 km/h (0.14–0.30 mph). By contrast, sea turtles can swim at 30 km/h (19 mph).[13] The limbs of turtles are adapted for various means of locomotion and habits and most have five toes. Tortoises are specialized for terrestrial environments and have column-like legs with elephant-like feet and short toes. The gopher tortoise has flattened front limbs for digging in the substrate. Freshwater turtles have more flexible legs and longer toes with webbing, giving them thrust in the water. Some of these species, such as snapping turtles and mud turtles, mainly walk along the water bottom, as they would on land. Others, such as terrapins, swim by paddling with all four limbs, switching between the opposing front and hind limbs, which keeps their direction stable.[13][33] Marine turtle swimming Sea turtles have streamlined shells and limbs adapted for fast and efficient swimming.[34] Sea turtles and the pig-nosed turtle are the most specialized for swimming. Their front limbs have evolved into flippers while the shorter hind limbs are shaped more like rudders. The front limbs provide most of the thrust for swimming, while the hind limbs serve as stabilizers.[13][35] Sea turtles such as the green sea turtle rotate the front limb flippers like a bird's wings to generate a propulsive force on both the upstroke and on the downstroke. This is in contrast to similar-sized freshwater turtles (measurements having been made on young animals in each case) such as the Caspian turtle, which uses the front limbs like the oars of a rowing boat, creating substantial negative thrust on the recovery stroke in each cycle. In addition, the streamlining of the marine turtles reduces drag. As a result, marine turtles produce a propulsive force twice as large, and swim six times as fast, as freshwater turtles. The swimming efficiency of young marine turtles is similar to that of fast-swimming fish of open water, like mackerel.[34] Compared to other reptiles, turtles tend to have reduced tails, but these vary in both length and thickness among species and between sexes. Snapping turtles and the big-headed turtle have longer tails; the latter uses it for balance while climbing. The cloaca is found underneath and at the base, and the tail itself houses the reproductive organs. Hence, males have longer tails to contain the penis. In sea turtles, the tail is longer and more prehensile in males, who use it to grasp mates. Several turtle species have spines on their tails.[36][24] Senses head of a red-eared slider turtle The red-eared slider has an exceptional seven types of color-detecting cells in its eyes.[37] Turtles make use of vision to find food and mates, avoid predators, and orient themselves. The retina's light-sensitive cells include both rods for vision in low light, and cones with three different photopigments for bright light, where they have full-color vision. There is possibly a fourth type of cone that detects ultraviolet, as hatchling sea turtles respond experimentally to ultraviolet light, but it is unknown if they can distinguish this from longer wavelengths. A freshwater turtle, the red-eared slider, has an exceptional seven types of cone cell.[37][38][39] Sea turtles orient themselves on land by night, using visual features detected in dim light. They can use their eyes in clear surface water, muddy coasts, the darkness of the deep ocean, and also above water. Unlike in terrestrial turtles, the cornea, the curved surface that lets light into the eye, does not help to focus light on the retina, so focusing underwater is handled entirely by the lens, behind the cornea. The cone cells contain oil droplets placed to shift perception toward the red part of the spectrum, improving color discrimination. Visual acuity, studied in hatchlings, is highest in a horizontal band with retinal cells packed about twice as densely as elsewhere. This gives the best vision along the visual horizon. Sea turtles do not appear to use polarized light for orientation as many other animals do. The deep-diving leatherback turtle lacks specific adaptations to low light, such as large eyes, large lenses, or a reflective tapetum. It may rely on seeing the bioluminescence of prey when hunting in deep water.[37] Turtles have no ear openings; the eardrum is covered with scales and encircled by a bony otic capsule, which is absent in other reptiles.[30] Their hearing thresholds are high in comparison to other reptiles, reaching up to 500 Hz in air, but underwater they are more attuned to lower frequencies.[40] The loggerhead sea turtle has been shown experimentally to respond to low sounds, with maximal sensitivity between 100 and 400 Hz.[41] Turtles have olfactory (smell) and vomeronasal receptors along the nasal cavity, the latter of which are used to detect chemical signals.[42] Experiments on green sea turtles showed they could learn to respond to a selection of different odorant chemicals such as triethylamine and cinnamaldehyde, which were detected by olfaction in the nose. Such signals could be used in navigation.[43] Breathing photo of a river turtle with only its nose above water A submerged Indian softshell turtle nose-breathing at river surface The rigid shell of turtles is not capable of expanding and making room for the lungs, as in other amniotes, so they have had to evolve special adaptations for respiration.[44][45][46] The lungs of turtles are attached directly to the carapace above while below, connective tissue attaches them to the organs.[47] They have multiple lateral (side) and medial (middle) chambers (the numbers of which vary between species) and one terminal (end) chamber.[48] The lungs are ventilated using specific groups of abdominal muscles attached to the organs that pull and push on them.[44] Specifically, it is the turtle's large liver that compresses the lungs. Underneath the lungs, in the coelomic cavity, the liver is connected to the right lung by the root, and the stomach is directly attached to the left lung, and to the liver by a mesentery. When the liver is pulled down, inhalation begins.[45] Supporting the lungs is a wall or septum, which is thought to prevent them from collapsing.[49] During exhalation, the contraction of the transversus abdominis muscle propels the organs into the lungs and expels air. Conversely, during inhalation, the relaxing and flattening of the oblique abdominis muscle pulls the transversus back down, allowing air back into the lungs.[45] Although many turtles spend large amounts of their lives underwater, all turtles breathe air and must surface at regular intervals to refill their lungs. Depending on the species, immersion periods vary between a minute and an hour.[50] Some species can respire through the cloaca, which contains large sacs that are lined with many finger-like projections that take up dissolved oxygen from the water.[51] Circulation photo of a turtle climbing out of mud Snapping turtle emerging from period of brumation, in which it buried itself in mud. Turtles have multiple circulatory and physiological adaptations to enable them to go long periods without breathing.[52] Turtles share the linked circulatory and pulmonary (lung) systems of vertebrates, where the three-chambered heart pumps deoxygenated blood through the lungs and then pumps the returned oxygenated blood through the body's tissues. The cardiopulmonary system has both structural and physiological adaptations that distinguish it from other vertebrates. Turtles have a large lung volume and can move blood through non-pulmonary blood vessels, including some within the heart, to avoid the lungs while they are not breathing. They can hold their breath for much longer periods than other reptiles and they can tolerate the resulting low oxygen levels. They can moderate the increase in acidity during anaerobic (non-oxygen-based) respiration by chemical buffering and they can lie dormant for months, in aestivation or brumation.[52] The heart has two atria but only one ventricle. The ventricle is subdivided into three chambers. A muscular ridge enables a complex pattern of blood flow so that the blood can be directed either to the lungs via the pulmonary artery, or to the body via the aorta. The ability to separate the two outflows varies between species. The leatherback has a powerful muscular ridge enabling almost complete separation of the outflows, supporting its actively swimming lifestyle. The ridge is less well developed in freshwater turtles like the sliders (Trachemys).[52] Turtles are capable of enduring periods of anaerobic respiration longer than many other vertebrates. This process breaks down sugars incompletely to lactic acid, rather than all the way to carbon dioxide and water as in aerobic (oxygen-based) respiration.[52] They make use of the shell as a source of additional buffering agents for combating increased acidity, and as a sink for lactic acid.[53] Osmoregulation In sea turtles, the bladder is one unit and in most freshwater turtles, it is double-lobed.[54] Sea turtle bladders are connected to two small accessory bladders, located at the sides to the neck of the urinary bladder and above the pubis.[55] Arid-living tortoises have bladders that serve as reserves of water, storing up to 20% of their body weight in fluids. The fluids are normally low in solutes, but higher during droughts when the reptile gains potassium salts from its plant diet. The bladder stores these salts until the tortoise finds fresh drinking water.[56] To regulate the amount of salt in their bodies, sea turtles and diamondback terrapins secrete excess salt in a thick sticky substance from their tear glands. Because of this, sea turtles may appear to be "crying" when on land.[57] Thermoregulation cooter turtles basking in sunshine near their pond Smaller pond turtles, like these Northern red-bellied cooters, regulate their temperature by basking in the sun. Turtles, like other reptiles, have a limited ability to regulate their body temperature. This ability varies between species, and with body size. Small pond turtles regulate their temperature by crawling out of the water and basking in the sun, while small terrestrial turtles move between sunny and shady places to adjust their temperature. Large species, both terrestrial and marine, have sufficient mass to give them substantial thermal inertia, meaning that they heat up or cool down over many hours. The Aldabra giant tortoise weighs up to some 60 kilograms (130 lb) and is able to allow its temperature to rise to some 33 °C (91 °F) on a hot day, and to fall naturally to around 29 °C (84 °F) by night. Some giant tortoises seek out shade to avoid overheating on sunny days. On Grand Terre Island, food is scarce inland, shade is scarce near the coast, and the tortoises compete for space under the few trees on hot days. Large males may push smaller females out of the shade, and some then overheat and die.[58] Adult sea turtles, too, have large enough bodies that they can to some extent control their temperature. The largest turtle, the leatherback, can swim in the waters off Nova Scotia, which may be as cold as 8 °C (46 °F), while their body temperature has been measured at up to 12 °C (54 °F) warmer than the surrounding water. To help keep their temperature up, they have a system of countercurrent heat exchange in the blood vessels between their body core and the skin of their flippers. The vessels supplying the head are insulated by fat around the neck.[58] Behavior Diet and feeding Photograph of a green sea turtle on the seabed, feeding A green sea turtle grazing on seagrass Most turtle species are opportunistic omnivores; land-dwelling species are more herbivorous and aquatic ones more carnivorous.[26] Generally lacking speed and agility, most turtles feed either on plant material or on animals with limited movements like mollusks, worms, and insect larvae.[13] Some species, such as the African helmeted turtle and snapping turtles, eat fish, amphibians, reptiles (including other turtles), birds, and mammals. They may take them by ambush but also scavenge.[59] The alligator snapping turtle has a worm-like appendage on its tongue that it uses to lure fish into its mouth. Tortoises are the most herbivorous group, consuming grasses, leaves, and fruits.[60] Many turtle species, including tortoises, supplement their diet with eggshells, animal bones, hair, and droppings for extra nutrients.[61] Turtles generally eat their food in a straightforward way, though some species have special feeding techniques.[13] The yellow-spotted river turtle and the painted turtle may filter feed by skimming the water surface with their mouth and throat open to collect particles of food. When the mouth closes, the throat constricts and water is pushed out through the nostrils and the gap in between the jaws.[62] Some species employ a "gape-and-suck method" where the turtle opens its jaws and expands its throat widely, sucking the prey in.[13][63][64] The diet of an individual within a species may change with age, sex, and season, and may also differ between populations. In many species, juveniles are generally carnivorous but become more herbivorous as adults.[13][65] With Barbour's map turtle, the larger female mainly eats mollusks while the male usually eats arthropods.[13] Blanding's turtle may feed mainly on snails or crayfish depending on the population. The European pond turtle has been recorded as being mostly carnivorous much of the year but switching to water lilies during the summer.[66] Some species have developed specialized diets such as the hawksbill, which eats sponges, the leatherback, which feeds on jellyfish, and the Mekong snail-eating turtle.[26][13] Communication and intelligence Photograph of an oblong turtle The oblong turtle has a sizable vocal repertoire.[67] See also: Animal cognition While popularly thought of as mute, turtles make various sounds to communicate.[68][69] Tortoises may bellow when courting and mating.[69][30] Various species of both freshwater and sea turtles emit short, low-frequency calls from the time they are in the egg to when they are adults. These vocalizations may serve to create group cohesion when migrating.[69] The oblong turtle has a particularly large vocal range; producing sounds described as clacks, clicks, squawks, hoots, various kinds of chirps, wails, hooos, grunts, growls, blow bursts, howls, and drum rolls.[67] Play behavior has been documented in some turtle species.[70] In the laboratory, Florida red-bellied cooters can learn novel tasks and have demonstrated a long-term memory of at least 7.5 months.[71] Similarly, giant tortoises can learn and remember tasks, and master lessons much faster when trained in groups.[72] Tortoises appear to be able to retain operant conditioning nine years after their initial training.[73] Defense See also: Anti-predator adaptation Photo of a large bird eating a turtle Crested caracara eating a turtle When sensing danger, a turtle may flee, freeze or withdraw into its shell. Freshwater turtles flee into the water, though the Sonora mud turtle may take refuge on land as the shallow temporary ponds they inhabit make them vulnerable.[74] When startled, a softshell turtle may dive underwater and bury itself under the sea floor.[75] If a predator persists, the turtle may bite or discharge from its cloaca. Several species produce foul-smelling chemicals from musk glands. Other tactics include threat displays and Bell's hinge-back tortoise can play dead. When attacked, big-headed turtle hatchlings squeal, possibly startling the predator.[76] Migration Further information: Sea turtle migration Turtles are the only reptiles that migrate long distances, more specifically the marine species that can travel up to thousands of kilometers. Some non-marine turtles, such as the species of Geochelone (terrestrial), Chelydra (freshwater), and Malaclemys (estuarine), migrate seasonally over much shorter distances, up to around 27 km (17 mi), to lay eggs. Such short migrations are comparable to those of some lizards, snakes, and crocodilians.[77] Sea turtles nest in a specific area, such as a beach, leaving the eggs to hatch unattended. The young turtles leave that area, migrating long distances in the years or decades in which they grow to maturity, and then return seemingly to the same area every few years to mate and lay eggs, though the precision varies between species and populations. This "natal homing" has appeared remarkable to biologists, though there is now plentiful evidence for it, including from genetics.[78] How sea turtles navigate to their breeding beaches remains unknown. One possibility is imprinting as in salmon, where the young learn the chemical signature, effectively the scent, of their home waters before leaving, and remember that when the time comes for them to return as adults. Another possible cue is the orientation of the earth's magnetic field at the natal beach. There is experimental evidence that turtles have an effective magnetic sense, and that they use this in navigation. Proof that homing occurs is derived from genetic analysis of populations of loggerheads, hawksbills, leatherbacks, and olive ridleys by nesting place. For each of these species, the populations in different places have their own mitochondrial DNA genetic signatures that persist over the years. This shows that the populations are distinct and that homing must be occurring reliably.[78] Reproduction and lifecycle Two frames from a film showing desert tortoises fighting. One tortoise bites the other Desert tortoises fighting Turtles have a wide variety of mating behaviors but do not form pair-bonds or social groups.[79] In green sea turtles, females generally outnumber males.[80] In terrestrial species, males are often larger than females and fighting between males establishes a dominance hierarchy for access to mates. For most semi-aquatic and bottom-walking aquatic species, combat occurs less often. Males of these species instead may use their size advantage to mate forcibly. In fully aquatic species, males are often smaller than females and rely on courtship displays to gain mating access to females.[81] Courtship and mounting Courtship varies between species, and with habitat. It is often complex in aquatic species, both marine and freshwater, but simpler in the semi-aquatic mud turtles and snapping turtles. A male tortoise bobs his head, then subdues the female by biting and butting her before mounting.[13] The male scorpion mud turtle approaches the female from the rear, and often resorts to aggressive methods such as biting the female's tail or hind limbs, followed by a mounting.[82] Female choice is important in some species, and female green sea turtles are not always receptive. As such, they have evolved behaviors to avoid the male's attempts at copulation, such as swimming away, confronting the male followed by biting or taking up a refusal position with her body vertical, her limbs widely outspread, and her plastron facing the male. If the water is too shallow for the refusal position, the females resort to beaching themselves, as the males do not follow them ashore.[80] Photograph of a male turtle mounting a female Mounting behavior in the three-toed box turtle All turtles fertilize internally; mounting and copulation can be difficult. In many species, males have a concave plastron that interlocks with the female's carapace. In species like the Russian tortoise, the male has a lighter shell and longer legs. The high, rounded shape of box turtles are particular obstacles for mounting. The male eastern box turtle leans backward and hooks onto the back of the female's plastron.[83] Aquatic turtles mount in water,[84][85] and female sea turtles support the mounting male while swimming and diving.[86] During copulation, the male turtle aligns his tail with the female's so he can insert his penis into her cloaca.[87] Some female turtles can store sperm from multiple males and their egg clutches can have multiple sires.[88][79] Eggs and hatchlings land turtle laying an egg in a hole A female common snapping turtle depositing her eggs in a hole she dug Turtles, including sea turtles, lay their eggs on land, although some lay eggs close near water that rises and falls in level, submerging the eggs. While most species build nests and lay eggs where they forage, some travel miles. The common snapping turtle walks 5 km (3 mi) on land, while sea turtles travel even further; the leatherback swims some 12,000 km (7,500 mi) to its nesting beaches.[13][85] Most turtles create a nest for their eggs. Females usually dig a flask-like chamber in the substrate. Other species lay their eggs in vegetation or crevices.[89] Females choose nesting locations based on environmental factors such as temperature and humidity, which are important for developing embryos.[85] Depending on the species, the number of eggs laid varies from one to over 100. Larger females can lay eggs that are greater in number or bigger in size. Compared to freshwater turtles, tortoises deposit fewer but larger eggs. Females can lay multiple clutches throughout a season, particularly in species that experience unpredictable monsoons.[90] Tortoise hatching from egg Marginated tortoise emerges from its egg Most mother turtles do no more in the way of parental care than covering their eggs and immediately leaving, though some species guard their nests for days or weeks.[91] Eggs vary between rounded, oval, elongated, and between hard- and soft-shelled.[92] Most species have their sex determined by temperature. In some species, higher temperatures produce females and lower ones produce males, while in others, milder temperatures produce males and both hot and cold extremes produce females.[13] There is experimental evidence that the embryos of Mauremys reevesii can move around inside their eggs to select the best temperature for development, thus influencing their sexual destiny.[93] In other species, sex is determined genetically. The length of incubation for turtle eggs varies from two to three months for temperate species, and four months to over a year for tropical species.[13] Species that live in warm temperate climates can delay their development.[94] Hatching young turtles break out of the shell using an egg tooth, a sharp projection that exists temporarily on their upper beak.[13][95] Hatchlings dig themselves out of the nest and find safety in vegetation or water. Some species stay in the nest for longer, be it for overwintering or to wait for the rain to loosen the soil for them to dig out.[13] Young turtles are highly vulnerable to predators, both in the egg and as hatchlings. Mortality is high during this period but significantly decreases when they reach adulthood. Most species grow quickly during their early years and slow down when they are mature.[96] Lifespan Turtles can live long lives. The oldest living turtle and land animal is said to be a Seychelles giant tortoise named Jonathan, who turned 187 in 2019.[97] A Galápagos tortoise named Harriet was collected by Charles Darwin in 1835; it died in 2006, having lived for at least 176 years. Most wild turtles do not reach that age. Turtles keep growing new scutes under the previous scutes every year, allowing researchers to estimate how long they have lived.[98] They also age slowly.[99] The survival rate for adult turtles can reach 99% per year.[13] Systematics and evolution Further information: Turtle classification and List of Testudines families Fossil history Diagram of evolution of turtle shells showing four fossil species Diagram of the origins of the turtle body plan through the Triassic: isolated bony plates evolved to form a complete shell, in a sequence involving Pappochelys, Eorhynchochelys, Odontochelys, and Proganochelys.[19] Zoologists have sought to explain the evolutionary origin of the turtles, and in particular of their unique shells. In 1914, Jan Versluys proposed that bony plates in the dermis, called osteoderms, fused to the ribs beneath them, later called the "Polka Dot Ancestor" by Olivier Rieppel.[19][100] The theory accounted for the evolution of fossil pareiasaurs from Bradysaurus to Anthodon, but not for how the ribs could have become attached to the bony dermal plates.[19] More recent discoveries have painted a different scenario for the evolution of the turtle's shell. The stem-turtles Eunotosaurus of the Middle Permian, Pappochelys of the Middle Triassic, and Eorhynchochelys of the Late Triassic lacked carapaces and plastrons but had shortened torsos, expanded ribs, and lengthened dorsal vertebrae. Also in the Late Triassic, Odontochelys had a partial shell consisting of a complete bony plastron and an incomplete carapace. The development of a shell reached completion with the Late Triassic Proganochelys, with its fully developed carapace and plastron.[19][101] Adaptations that lead to the evolution of the shell may have originally been for digging and a fossorial lifestyle.[101] The oldest known members of the Pleurodira lineage are the Platychelyidae, from the Late Jurassic.[102] The oldest known unambiguous cryptodire is Sinaspideretes, a close relative of softshell turtles, from the Late Jurassic of China.[103] During the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic, members of the pleurodire families Bothremydidae and Podocnemididae became widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere due to their coastal habits.[104][105] The oldest known soft-shelled turtles and sea turtles appeared during the Early Cretaceous.[106][107] Tortoises originated in Asia during the Eocene.[108] A late surviving group of stem-turtles, the Meiolaniidae, survived in Australasia into the Pleistocene and Holocene.[109] External relationships The turtles' exact ancestry has been disputed. It was believed they were the only surviving branch of the ancient evolutionary grade Anapsida, which includes groups such as procolophonids and pareiasaurs. All anapsid skulls lack a temporal opening while all other living amniotes have temporal openings.[110] It was later suggested that the anapsid-like turtle skulls may be due to backward evolution rather than to anapsid descent.[111] Fossil evidence has shown that early stem-turtles possessed small temporal openings.[101] Some early morphological phylogenetic studies have placed turtles closer to Lepidosauria (tuataras, lizards, and snakes) than to Archosauria (crocodilians and birds).[110] By contrast, several molecular studies place turtles either within Archosauria,[112] or, more commonly, as a sister group to extant archosaurs,[111][113][114][115] though an analysis conducted by Tyler Lyson and colleagues (2012) recovered turtles as the sister group of lepidosaurs instead.[116] Ylenia Chiari and colleagues (2012) analyzed 248 nuclear genes from 16 vertebrates and suggested that turtles share a more recent common ancestor with birds and crocodilians. The date of separation of turtles and birds and crocodilians was estimated to be 255 million years ago during the Permian.[117] Through genomic-scale phylogenetic study of ultra-conserved elements (UCEs) to clarify the placement of turtles within reptiles, Nicholas Crawford and colleagues (2012) similarly found that turtles are closer to birds and crocodilians.[118] Using the draft (unfinished) genome sequences of the green sea turtle and the Chinese softshell turtle, Zhuo Wang and colleagues (2013) concluded that turtles are likely a sister group of crocodilians and birds.[119] The external phylogeny of the turtles is shown in the cladogram below.[118] Diapsida Archosauromorpha     Crocodilia (crocodiles, alligators) Deinosuchus riograndensis.png     Aves (birds) Spot-billed pelican takeoff white background.jpg       Testudines Psammobates geometricus 1872 white background.jpg     Lepidosauromorpha Squamata (lizards, snakes) Zoology of Egypt (1898) (Varanus exanthematicus).png     Internal relationships Modern turtles and their extinct relatives with a complete shell are classified within the clade Testudinata.[120] The most recent common ancestor of living turtles, corresponding to the split between Pleurodira (side-necked species) and Cryptodira (hidden necked species), is estimated to have occurred around 210 million years ago during the Late Triassic.[121] Robert Thompson and colleagues (2021) comment that living turtles have low diversity, relative to how long they existed. Diversity has been stable, according to their analysis, except for a single rapid increase around the Eocene-Oligocene boundary some 30 million years ago, and a large regional extinction at roughly the same time. They suggest that global climate change caused both events, as the cooling and drying caused the land to become arid and turtles to become extinct there, while new continental margins opened up by the climate change provided habitats for other species to evolve.[122] The cladogram, from Nicholas Crawford and colleagues 2015, shows the internal phylogeny of the Testudines down to the level of families.[123][124] The analysis by Thompson and colleagues in 2021 supports the same structure down to the family level.[122] Testudines Pleurodira     Pelomedusidae Erpétologie générale, ou, Histoire naturelle complète des reptiles (Pelomedusa subrufa).jpg     Podocnemididae Erpétologie générale, ou, Histoire naturelle complète des reptiles (Podocnemis expansa).jpg       Chelidae Erpétologie générale, ou, Histoire naturelle complète des reptiles (Chelus fimbriata).jpg    (Side‑necked turtles)  Cryptodira       Testudinoidea   Testudinidae Erpétologie générale, ou, Histoire naturelle complète des reptiles (Centrochelys sulcata).jpg (Tortoises) Geoemydidae Erpétologie générale, ou, Histoire naturelle complète des reptiles (Morenia ocellata).jpg       Platysternidae Erpétologie générale, ou, Histoire naturelle complète des reptiles (Platysternon megacephalum).jpg   Emydidae Emydoidea blandingiiHolbrookV1P03A flipped.jpg (Terrapins)         Chelydroidea   Chelydridae Erpétologie générale, ou, Histoire naturelle complète des reptiles (Chelydra serpentina).jpg (Snapping turtles)     Dermatemydidae ChloremysAbnormisFord white background.jpg     Kinosternidae Erpétologie générale, ou, Histoire naturelle complète des reptiles (Sternotherus odoratus).jpg       Chelonioidea Dermochelyidae  Erpétologie générale, ou, Histoire naturelle complète des reptiles (Dermochelys coriacea).jpg (Leatherback) Cheloniidae Erpétologie générale, ou, Histoire naturelle complète des reptiles (Chelonia mydas).jpg    (Sea turtles)    (Hardshell turtles) Trionychia Carettochelyidae Pig-nosed turtle (Carettochelys insculpta) (cropped).jpg  (Pig‑nosed turtle)  Trionychidae Erpétologie générale, ou, Histoire naturelle complète des reptiles (Lissemys punctata).jpg    (Softshell turtles)     (Hidden‑necked turtles)    Differences between the two suborders Neck retraction Photograph of a cryptodiran with its head pulled back straight into its shell Cryptodira retract their necks backward. Photograph of a pleurodiran with its head and neck folded toward the side Pleurodira retract their necks sideways. Diagrams of the top-down bending of the neck of cryptodirans, and the left-right bending of the neck in pleurodirans The different mechanisms of neck retraction in the two suborders of turtles Turtles are divided into two living suborders: Cryptodira and Pleurodira.[125] The two groups differ in the way the neck is retracted for protection. Pleurodirans retract their neck to the side and in front of the shoulder girdles, whereas cryptodirans retract their neck backward into their shell. These motions are enabled by the morphology and arrangement of neck vertebrae.[126][127] Sea turtles (which belong to Cryptodira) have mostly lost the ability to retract their heads.[128] The adductor muscles in the lower jaw create a pulley-like system in both subgroups. However, the bones that the muscles articulate with differ. In Pleurodira, the pulley is formed with the pterygoid bones of the palate, but in Cryptodira the pulley is formed with the otic capsule. Both systems help to vertically redirect the adductor muscles and maintain a powerful bite.[129] A further difference between the suborders is the attachment of the pelvis. In Cryptodira, the pelvis is free, linked to the shell only by ligaments. In Pleurodira, the pelvis is sutured, joined with bony connections, to the carapace and to the plastron, creating a pair of large columns of bone at the back end of the turtle, linking the two parts of the shell.[130] Distribution and habitat Turtles are widely distributed across the world's continents, oceans, and islands with terrestrial, fully aquatic, and semi-aquatic species. Sea turtles are mainly tropical and subtropical, but leatherbacks can be found in colder areas of the Atlantic and Pacific.[131] Living Pleurodira all live in freshwater and are found only in the Southern Hemisphere.[132] The Cryptodira include terrestrial, freshwater, and marine species, and these range more widely.[131] The world regions richest in non-marine turtle species are the Amazon basin, the Gulf of Mexico drainages of the United States, and parts of South and Southeast Asia.[133] For turtles in colder climates, their distribution is limited by constraints on reproduction, which is reduced by long hibernations. North American species barely range above the southern Canadian border.[134] Some turtles are found at high altitudes, for example, the species Terrapene ornata occurs up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft) in New Mexico.[135] Conversely, the leatherback sea turtle can dive over 1,200 m (3,900 ft).[136] Species of the genus Gopherus can tolerate both below freezing and over 40 °C (104 °F) in body temperature, though they are most active at 26–34 °C (79–93 °F).[137] Conservation Photograph of a marine turtle escaping from a specially-designed fishing net Many turtles have been killed accidentally in fishing nets.[138] Some trawlers now use nets fitted with turtle excluders.[139] Seen here, a loggerhead escapes a net so fitted. Among vertebrate orders, turtles are second only to primates in the percentage of threatened species. 360 modern species have existed since 1500 AD. Of these, 51–56% are considered threatened and 60% considered threatened or extinct.[140] Turtles face many threats, including habitat destruction, harvesting for consumption, the pet trade,[141][142] light pollution,[143] and climate change.[144] Asian species have a particularly high extinction risk, primarily due to their long-term unsustainable exploitation for food and medicine,[145] and about 83% of Asia's non-marine turtle species are considered threatened.[140] As of 2021, turtle extinction is progressing much faster than during the Cretaceous-Tertiary extinction. At this rate, all turtles could be extinct in a few centuries.[146] Turtle hatcheries can be set up when protection against flooding, erosion, predation, or heavy poaching is required.[147][148][149] Chinese markets have sought to satisfy an increasing demand for turtle meat with farmed turtles. In 2007 it was estimated that over a thousand turtle farms operated in China.[150] All the same, wild turtles continue to be caught and sent to market in large numbers, resulting in what conservationists have called "the Asian turtle crisis".[151][145] In the words of the biologist George Amato, the hunting of turtles "vacuumed up entire species from areas in Southeast Asia", even as biologists still did not know how many species lived in the region.[152] In 2000, all the Asian box turtles were placed on the CITES list of endangered species.[145] Harvesting wild turtles is legal in some American states,[153] and there has been a growing demand for American turtles in China.[154][155] The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission estimated in 2008 that around 3,000 pounds of softshell turtles were exported weekly via Tampa International Airport.[155] However, the great majority of turtles exported from the US between 2002 and 2005 were farmed.[154] Large numbers of sea turtles are accidentally killed in longlines, gillnets, and trawling nets as bycatch. A 2010 study suggested that over 8 million had been killed between 1990 and 2008; the Eastern Pacific and the Mediterranean were identified as among the areas worst affected.[138] Since the 1980s, the United States has required all shrimp trawlers to fit their nets with turtle excluder devices that prevent turtles from being entangled in the net and drowning.[139] More locally, other human activities are affecting marine turtles. In Australia, Queensland's shark culling program, which uses shark nets and drum lines, has killed over 5,000 turtles as bycatch between 1962 and 2015; including 719 loggerhead turtles and 33 hawksbill sea turtles, which are listed as critically endangered.[156] Native turtle populations can also be threatened by invasive ones. The central North American red-eared slider turtle has been listed among the "world's worst invasive species", pet turtle having been released globally. They appear to compete with native turtle species in eastern and western North America, Europe, and Japan.[157][158] Human uses In culture Main article: Cultural depictions of turtles Further information: World Turtle Photograph of temple sculpture in India 4th-century sculpture of turtle avatar of Vishnu. Garhwa, India   Lithograph drawing of world resting on 4 elephants standing on a giant turtle World resting on four elephants on the back of the World Turtle. Western depiction of "The Hindu Earth", 1877   Chinese funeral stone held up by a stone tortoise Bixi supporting Kangxi Emperor's stele, Beijing, 1698   Children's book illustration with turtle figure standing on hind legs The Mock Turtle in Lewis Carroll's 1865 Alice's Adventures in Wonderland   Painting of a turtle standing on hind legs, with top hat and cane, on theatre poster Poster for 1898 production of The Turtle at the Manhattan Theatre, Broadway   Photograph of cloth with four terrapin shell rattles to be tied around a dancer's leg Terrapin shell leg rattles worn by lead Cherokee woman dancer, 20th century Turtles have featured in human cultures across the world since ancient times. They are generally viewed positively despite not being "cuddly" or flashy; their association with the ancient times and old age have contributed to their endearing image.[159] In Hindu mythology, the World Turtle, named Kurma or Kacchapa, supports four elephants on his back; they, in turn, carry the weight of the whole world on their backs.[160][161] The turtle is one of the ten avatars or incarnations of the god Vishnu.[160] The yoga pose Kurmasana is named for the avatar.[162][163] World Turtles are found in Native American cultures including the Algonquian, Iroquois, and Lenape. They tell many versions of the creation story of Turtle Island. One version has Muskrat pile up earth on Turtle's back, creating the continent of North America. An Iroquois version has the pregnant Sky Woman fall through a hole in the sky between a tree's roots, where she is caught by birds who land her safely on Turtle's back; the Earth grows around her. The turtle here is altruistic, but the world is a heavy burden, and the turtle sometimes shakes itself to relieve the load, causing earthquakes.[160][164][165] A turtle was the symbol of the Ancient Mesopotamian god Enki from the 3rd millennium BCE onward.[166] An ancient Greek origin myth told that only the tortoise refused the invitation of the gods Zeus and Hera to their wedding, as it preferred to stay at home. Zeus then ordered it to carry its house with it, ever after.[167] Another of their gods, Hermes, invented a seven-stringed lyre made with the shell of a tortoise.[168] In the Shang dynasty Chinese practice of plastromancy, dating back to 1200 BCE, oracles were obtained by inscribing questions on turtle plastrons using the oldest known form of Chinese characters, burning the plastron, and interpreting the resulting cracks. Later, the turtle was one of the four sacred animals in Confucianism, while in the Han period, steles were mounted on top of stone turtles, later linked with Bixi, the turtle-shelled son of the Dragon King.[169] Marine turtles feature significantly in Australian Aboriginal art.[161] The army of Ancient Rome used the testudo ("tortoise") formation where soldiers would form a shield wall for protection.[158] In Aesop's Fables, "The Tortoise and the Hare" tells how an unequal race may be won by the slower partner.[170][171] Lewis Carroll's 1865 Alice's Adventures in Wonderland features a Mock Turtle, named for a soup meant to imitate the expensive soup made from real turtle meat.[172][173][174] In 1896, the French playwright Léon Gandillot wrote a comedy in three acts named La Tortue that was "a Parisian sensation"[175] in its run in France, and came to the Manhattan Theatre, Broadway, New York, in 1898 as The Turtle.[176] A "cosmic turtle" and the island motif reappear in Gary Snyder's 1974 novel Turtle Island, and again in Terry Pratchett's Discworld series as Great A'Tuin, starting with the 1983 novel The Colour of Magic. It is supposedly of the species Chelys galactica, the galactic turtle, complete with four elephants on its back to support Discworld.[177] Turtles have been featured in comic books and animations such as the 1984 Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.[178][179] As pets Some turtles, particularly small terrestrial and freshwater species, are kept as pets.[180][181] The demand for pet turtles increased in the 1950s, with the US being the main supplier, particularly of farm-bred red-eared sliders. The popularity for exotic pets has led to an increase in illegal wildlife trafficking. Around 21% of the value of live animal trade is in reptiles, and turtles are among the more popularly traded species.[182] Poor husbandry of tortoises can cause chronic rhinitis (nasal swelling), overgrown beaks, hyperparathyroidism (which softens their skeleton), constipation, various reproductive problems, and injuries from dogs.[180] In the early 20th century, people in the United States have organized and gambled on turtle races.[183] As food and other uses The flesh of captured wild turtles continues to be eaten in Asian cultures,[184] while turtle soup was once a popular dish in English cuisine.[185] Gopher tortoise stew has been popular with some groups in Florida.[186] The supposed aphrodisiac or medicinal properties of turtle eggs created a large trade for them in Southeast Asia.[161] Hard-shell turtle plastrons and soft-shell carapaces are widely used in traditional Chinese medicine; Taiwan imported nearly 200 metric tons of hard-shells from its neighbors yearly from 1999 to 2008.[187] A popular medicinal preparation based on herbs and turtle shells is guilinggao jelly.[188] The substance tortoiseshell, usually from the hawksbill turtle, has been used for centuries to make jewelry, tools, and ornaments around the Western Pacific.[161] Hawksbills have accordingly been hunted for their shells.[189] The trading of tortoiseshell was internationally banned in 1977 by CITES.[190] Some cultures have used turtle shells to make music: Native American shamans made them into ceremonial rattles, while Aztecs, Mayas, and Mixtecs made ayotl drums.[191] Historic engraving of men catching turtles on a beach Catching turtles in Australia, 1875   photo of turtles on sale as food in a shop Turtles on sale as food in Canada, 2007   Photograph of a box of turtle plastrons in a market Turtle plastrons for traditional Chinese medicine   Photograph of a decoratively ridged comb made of tortoiseshell A tortoiseshell comb; the material was expensive and decorative, and widely used for small items.[192]   Photograph of a pet turtle in a terrarium A pet red-eared slider basking on a floating platform under a sun lamp See also World Turtle Day References Citations  Turtle Taxonomy Working Group (2017). 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ISSN 1755-263X.  Montgomery, Madeline (April 15, 2021). "Environmentalists Fight Against New Law that Could Kill Thousands of Sea Turtles". WPEC. Archived from the original on April 17, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2021.  Rhodin, Anders G. J.; Stanford, Craig B.; van Dijk, Peter Paul; Eisemberg, Carla Camilo; et al. (2018). "Global Conservation Status of Turtles and Tortoises (order Testudines)". Chelonian Conservation and Biology. 17 (2): 135–161. doi:10.2744/CCB-1348.1. S2CID 91937716.  Rhodin, Anders G. J.; Walde, Andrew D.; Horne, Brian D.; van Dijk, Peter Paul; Blanck, Torsten; Hudson, Rick, eds. (2011). Turtles in Trouble: The World's 25+ Most Endangered Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles – 2011. Turtle Conservation Coalition. OCLC 711692023. Archived from the original on March 5, 2011. Retrieved March 5, 2011.  Pryke 2021, pp. 160–166.  Pryke 2021, p. 156.  Pryke 2021, p. 157.  van Dijk, Peter Paul (2002). "The Asian Turtle Crisis". In Halliday, Tim; Adler, Kraig (eds.). The Firefly Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. Firefly Books. pp. 134–135. ISBN 978-1-55297-613-5.  McCallum, Malcolm (2021). "Turtle Biodiversity Losses Suggest Coming Sixth Mass Extinction". Biodiversity and Conservation. 30 (5): 1257–1275. doi:10.1007/s10531-021-02140-8. ISSN 0960-3115. S2CID 233903598. Archived from the original on July 24, 2021. Retrieved March 12, 2021.  Draven, James (May 30, 2018). "Are Turtle Hatcheries Unethical?". National Geographic. Archived from the original on June 13, 2019. Retrieved May 10, 2021.  Sea Turtle Conservation Beach Management and Hatchery Programmes (PDF). Centre for Herpetology/ Madras Crocodile Bank Trust, Tamil Nadu. 2003. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2021.  Chacon, Didiher; Sanchez, Juan; Calvo, Jose Joaquin; Ash, Jenny (2007). Manual Para el Manejo y la Conservación de las Tortugas Marinas en Costa Rica; con énfasis en la operación de proyectos en playa y viveros [Manual for the management and conservation of sea turtles in Costa Rica; with emphasis on the operation of beach and nursery projects] (PDF) (in Spanish). Latin American Sea Turtles and WIDECAST (Wider Caribbean Sea Turtle Network). Archived (PDF) from the original on July 24, 2021. Retrieved April 7, 2021.  "Turtle Farms Threaten Rare Species, Experts Say". Fish Farmer. March 30, 2007. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012. Retrieved November 1, 2012.  Cheung, Sze Man; Dudgeon, David (November–December 2006). "Quantifying the Asian Turtle Crisis: Market Surveys in Southern China, 2000–2003". Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 16 (7): 751–770. doi:10.1002/aqc.803.  Amato, George (2007). A Conversation at the Museum of Natural History (.flv). POV25. Archived from the original (video) on November 12, 2021. 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PMID 31435491.  Pryke 2021, p. 107.  Pryke 2021, pp. 9–10.  Pryke 2021, pp. 63–68.  McLellan, Liz; Nickson, Amanda; Benn, Jo (June 2005). "Marine turtle conservation in the Asia Pacific region" (PDF). WWF. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 24, 2021. Retrieved July 22, 2021.  Mallinson, James (December 9, 2011). "A Response to Mark Singleton's Yoga Body by James Mallinson". Academia. Archived from the original on July 24, 2021. Retrieved January 4, 2019. revised from American Academy of Religions conference, San Francisco, 19 November 2011.  Iyengar, Bellur K. S. (1979) [1966]. Light on Yoga: Yoga Dipika. Thorsons. pp. 288–291. ISBN 978-1-85538-166-7.  Converse, Harriet Maxwell; Parker, Arthur Caswell (1908). Myths and Legends of the New York State Iroquois. University of the State of New York. p. 33. Archived from the original on May 22, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2021.  Filice, Michelle (November 6, 2018). "Turtle Island". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on May 20, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2021.  Pryke 2021, pp. 44–48.  Pryke 2021, p. 56.  Anonymous; Evelyn-White, Hugh G. (1914). "Hymn 4 to Hermes". Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Lines 26–65. Archived from the original on May 11, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2021.  Pryke 2021, pp. 49–52.  "The Tortoise and the Hare". Aesopica: Aesop's Fables in English, Latin, and Greek. Archived from the original on August 16, 2019. Retrieved May 11, 2021.  Pryke 2021, p. 139.  Carroll, Lewis (1901) [1865]. "The Mock-Turtle's Story". Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. Harper & Brothers. p. 128. OCLC 1049742993.  Pryke 2021, p. 135.  "Mock Turtle Soup". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012. Retrieved December 22, 2020.  Anon (April 1, 1899). "Brooklyn Life [Theater]". Brooklyn Life. p. 31. Archived from the original on May 22, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2021. it is primarily a very amusing farce. The plot is slight, and concerns chiefly the proverbial fickle-mindedness of woman.  Pryke 2021, p. 137.  Pryke 2021, pp. 118–120.  Greenberg, Harvey R. (April 15, 1990). "Just How Powerful Are Those Turtles?". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved May 11, 2021.  Pryke 2021, pp. 148–151.  Reid, Siuna A. (2017). "Current Trends in the Husbandry and Veterinary Care of Tortoises" (PDF). Testudo. 8 (4): 58–68. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 31, 2019. Retrieved July 31, 2019.  Pryke 2021, p. 181.  Pryke 2021, pp. 181–183.  Pryke 2021, pp. 120–122.  Barzyk, James E. (November 1999). "Turtles in Crisis: The Asian Food Markets". Tortoise Trust. Archived from the original on February 22, 2015. Retrieved November 1, 2012.  Clarkson, Janet (2010). Soup : a global history. Reaktion. p. 115. ISBN 978-1-86189-774-9. OCLC 642290114.  "Recipes from Another Time". Smithsonian. October 2001. Archived from the original on August 19, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2016.  Chen, Tien-Hsi; Chang, H.-C.; Lue, Kuang-Yang (2009). "Unregulated Trade in Turtle Shells for Chinese Traditional Medicine in East and Southeast Asia: the Case of Taiwan". Chelonian Conservation and Biology. 8 (1): 11–18. doi:10.2744/CCB-0747.1. S2CID 86821249.  Zhang, Huan; Wu, Min-Yi; Guo, De-Jian; et al. (2013). "Gui-ling-gao (turtle jelly), a traditional Chinese functional food, exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting iNOS and pro-inflammatory cytokine expressions in splenocytes isolated from BALB/c mice". Journal of Functional Foods. 5 (2): 625–632. doi:10.1016/j.jff.2013.01.004. hdl:10397/16357.  Cox, Lisa (November 12, 2018). "Hawksbill Turtle Poaching to be Fought with DNA Technology". The Guardian. Retrieved August 7, 2021. Hawksbills are the only sea turtles hunted for their shells, despite international trade in hawksbill products being banned more than 20 years ago.  "Global Status of the Hawksbill Sea Turtle: The Tortoiseshell Trade". Sea Turtle Conservancy. 2007.  Pryke 2021, pp. 58–60.  Strieker, Gary (April 10, 2001). "Tortoiseshell Ban Threatens Japanese Tradition". CNN. Archived from the original on December 15, 2006. Retrieved May 11, 2021. Cited sources Franklin, Carl J. (2011). Turtle: A Extraordinary Natural History 245 Million Years in the Making. Crestline. ISBN 978-0-7858-2775-7. Orenstein, Ronald (2012). Turtles, Tortoises and Terrapins: a Natural History. Firefly Books. ISBN 978-1-77085-119-1. OCLC 791162481. Pryke, Louise (2021). Turtle. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-78914-336-2. OCLC 1223025640. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Turtles. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Turtles. The Wikibook Animal Care has a page on the topic of: Turtle Turtle Survival Alliance Turtle Conservancy Symposium on Turtle Evolution vte Testudines Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: ReptiliaSubclass: AnapsidaOrder: Testudines Suborder Superfamily Family Genus Cryptodira Chelonioidea (Sea turtles) Cheloniidae †AllopleuronCaretta†CarolinochelysChelonia†EocheloneEretmochelys†Gigantatypus†Glarichelys†ItilochelysLepidochelys†Mexichelys†MiocarettaNatator†Pacifichelys†Syllomus†Tasbacka Dermochelyidae †Arabemys†Bouliachelys†Corsochelys†CosmochelysDermochelys†Eosphargis†Mesodermochelys†Psephophorus   †Alienochelys†Berruchelus†Euclastes†Peritresius†Procolpochelys†Protosphargis†Puppigerus Kinosternoidea Dermatemydidae Dermatemys Kinosternidae Claudius†HoplochelysKinosternonStaurotypusSternotherus Testudinoidea Emydidae ChrysemysClemmysDeirochelysEmysActinemysEmydoideaGlyptemysGraptemysMalaclemysPseudemysTerrapeneTrachemys Geoemydidae Batagur†BanhxeochelysCuoraCyclemysGeoclemysGeoemydaHardellaHeosemysLeucocephalonMalayemysMauremysMelanochelysMoreniaNotochelysOrlitiaPangshuraRhinoclemmysSacaliaSiebenrockiellaVijayachelys  Platysternidae Platysternon Tortoises AldabrachelysAstrochelysCentrochelysChelonoidisChersinaCylindraspisGeocheloneGopherus†Hadrianus†HesperotestudoHomopusIndotestudoKinixysMalacochersusManouria†MegalochelysPsammobatesPyxis†SolitudoStigmochelys†StylemysTestudo Trionychia Carettochelyidae †Allaeochelys†AnosteiraCarettochelys Trionychidae AmydaApalone†AxestemysChitraCyclanorbisCyclodermaDogania†Gilmoremys†Hutchemys†KhunnuchelysLissemysNilssoniaPalea†PalaeoamydaPelochelysPelodiscusRafetusTrionyx   †Basilochelys†Sinaspideretes †Baenoidea †Baenidae †Arvinachelys†Baena†Cedrobaena†Chisternon†Denazinemys†Gamerabaena†Neurankylus†Palatobaena†Peckemys†Plesiobaena †Pleurosternidae †Dinochelys†Dorsetochelys†Glyptops†Pleurosternon†Selenemys   Chelydridae †AcherontemysChelydra†Chelydrops†Chelydropsis†Emarginachelys†MacrocephalochelysMacrochelys†Planiplastron†Protochelydra †Eurysternidae †Achelonia†Chelonides†Eurysternum†Hydropelta†Idiochelys†Palaeomedusa†Parachelys †Macrobaenidae †Anatolemys†Aurorachelys†Kirgizemys†Osteopygis†Yakemys †Nanhsiungchelyidae †Anomalochelys†Basilemys†Jiangxichelys †Protostegidae †Archelon†Atlantochelys†Atlantochelys†Calcarichelys†Cratochelone†Desmatochelys†Iserosaurus†Notochelone†Ocepechelon†Pneumatoarthrus†Protostega†Rhinochelys†Santanachelys†Terlinguachelys †Sinemydidae †Jeholochelys†Liaochelys†Manchurochelys†Ordosemys†Sinemys †Thalassemydidae †Neusticemys†Palaeomedusa†Thalassemys   †Adocus†Angolachelys†Argillochelys†Bashuchelys†Brodiechelys†Ctenochelys†Compsemys†Hoyasemys†Larachelus†Leyvachelys†Plesiochelys†Toxochelys†Uluops†Xinjiangchelys Pleurodira   †Araripemydidae †Araripemys †Bothremydidae †Araiochelys†Arenila†Azabbaremys†Bothremys†Cearachelys†Chedighaii†Chupacabrachelys†Eotaphrosphys†Foxemys†Galianemys†Ilatardia†Inaechelys†Itapecuruemys†Jainemys†Kinkonychelys†Kurmademys†Labrostochelys†Nigeremys†Phosphatochelys†Polysternon†Puentemys†Rosasia†Rhothonemys†Sankuchemys†Taphrosphys†Ummulisani†Zolhafah Chelidae AcanthochelysChelodinaChelusElseyaElusorEmyduraHydromedusa†LomalatachelysMesoclemmysMyuchelysPhrynopsPlatemys†ProchelidellaPseudemyduraRheodytesRhinemys†Yaminuechelys Pelomedusidae PelomedusaPelusios Podocnemididae †Albertwoodemys†Bauruemys†Brontochelys†Caninemys†Carbonemys†Cerrejonemys†CordichelysErymnochelys†Lapparentemys†LatentemysPeltocephalusPodocnemis†Stupendemys †Sahonachelyidae †Sahonachelys †Sokatra       †Caribemys†Caririemys†Chubutemys†Hispaniachelys†Tacuarembemys Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on Turtles of the World 2017 Update: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status. † = extinct. See also List of Testudines families vte Individual turtles and tortoises AdelitaAdwaitaCụ RùaDiegoEsmeraldaHarrietJonathanLonesome GeorgeMr TurpenMzeeTimothyTu'i Malila vte Turtles in human activities Cultural depictions of turtles fictional turtlesTurtle excluder deviceTurtle farmingTurtle Island (Native American folklore)Turtle racingTurtle soupTurtle steakTurtlingWorld turtle vte Extant chordate classes Kingdom Animalia(unranked) BilateriaSuperphylum Deuterostomia Cephalochordata Leptocardii (lancelets) Olfactores Tunicata (Urochordata) Ascidiacea (sea squirts)Appendicularia (larvaceans)Thaliacea (pyrosomes, salps, doliolids) Vertebrata Cyclostomata Myxini (hagfish)Hyperoartia (lampreys) Gnathostomata (jawed vertebrates) Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays, chimaeras) Euteleostomi (bony vertebrates) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish) Actinistia (coelacanths)¹ Rhipidistia Dipnoi (lungfish)¹ Tetrapoda Lissamphibia (modern amphibians: frogs, salamanders, caecilians) Amniota Mammalia (mammals) Sauria Lepidosauria Rhynchocephalia (tuatara)²Squamata (scaled reptiles)² Archelosauria Testudines (turtles)² Archosauria Crocodilia (crocodilians)²Aves (birds) ¹subclasses of Sarcopterygii²orders of class Reptilia (reptiles)italics denote paraphyletic groups Taxon identifiers Wikidata: Q223044Wikispecies: TestudinesADW: TestudinesAFD: TestudinesBioLib: 16323BOLD: 384CoL: 477EoL: 52570439EPPO: 1TESTOFossilworks: 56475GBIF: 793iNaturalist: 39532IRMNG: 10605ITIS: 948936NBN: NHMSYS0021053576NCBI: 8459NZOR: e98d3c12-4c58-47a2-a0e3-9bb1bfadbe82Plazi: 726CA836-1A1F-D038-FF4B-FB3931F1FB6EuBio: 215901WoRMS: 2689 Authority control: National libraries Edit this at Wikidata GermanyIsraelUnited StatesJapanCzech Republic Categories: TurtlesKimmeridgian first appearancesExtant Late Jurassic first appearancesTurtle taxonomy Tortoise Testudinidae Temporal range: Eocene–Recent  PreꞒꞒOSDCPTJKPgN A. gigantea Aldabra Giant Tortoise.jpg Aldabra giant tortoise (Aldabrachelys gigantea) Scientific classificatione Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Testudines Suborder: Cryptodira Superfamily: Testudinoidea Family: Testudinidae Batsch, 1788 Type genus Testudo Linnaeus, 1758 Tortoises (/ˈtɔːr.təs.ɪz/) are reptiles of the family Testudinidae of the order Testudines (Latin: tortoise). Like other turtles, tortoises have a shell to protect from predation and other threats. The shell in tortoises is generally hard, and like other members of the suborder Cryptodira, they retract their necks and heads directly backward into the shell to protect them. Tortoises can vary in size with some species, such as the Galápagos giant tortoise, growing to more than 1.2 metres (3.9 ft) in length, whereas others like the Speckled cape tortoise have shells that measure only 6.8 centimetres (2.7 in) long.[1] Several lineages of tortoises have independently evolved very large body sizes in excess of 100 kg, including the Galapagos giant tortoise and the Aldabra giant tortoise. They are usually diurnal animals with tendencies to be crepuscular depending on the ambient temperatures. They are generally reclusive animals. Tortoises are the longest-living land animals in the world, although the longest-living species of tortoise is a matter of debate. Galápagos tortoises are noted to live over 150 years, but an Aldabra giant tortoise named Adwaita may have lived an estimated 255 years. In general, most tortoise species can live 80–150 years. Tortoises are placid and slow-moving, with an average walking speed of 0.2–0.5 km/h. Terminology Differences exist in usage of the common terms turtle, tortoise, and terrapin, depending on the variety of English being used; usage is inconsistent and contradictory.[2] These terms are common names and do not reflect precise biological or taxonomic distinctions.[3] Tile with two rabbits, two snakes, and a tortoise, illustration for Zakariya al-Qazwini's book ʿAjāʾib al-makhlūqāt, Iran, 19th century. The American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists uses "turtle" to describe all species of the order Testudines, regardless of whether they are land-dwelling or sea-dwelling, and uses "tortoise" as a more specific term for slow-moving terrestrial species.[2] General American usage agrees; turtle is often a general term (although some restrict it to aquatic turtles); tortoise is used only in reference to terrestrial turtles or, more narrowly, only those members of Testudinidae, the family of modern land tortoises; and terrapin may refer to turtles that are small and live in fresh and brackish water, in particular the diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin).[4][5][6][7] In America, for example, the members of the genus Terrapene dwell on land, yet are referred to as box turtles rather than tortoises.[3] British usage, by contrast, tends not to use "turtle" as a generic term for all members of the order, and also applies the term "tortoises" broadly to all land-dwelling members of the order Testudines, regardless of whether they are actually members of the family Testudinidae.[7] In Britain, terrapin is used to refer to a larger group of semiaquatic turtles than the restricted meaning in America.[5][8] Australian usage is different from both American and British usage.[7] Land tortoises are not native to Australia, and traditionally freshwater turtles have been called "tortoises" in Australia.[9] Some Australian experts disapprove of this usage—believing that the term tortoises is "better confined to purely terrestrial animals with very different habits and needs, none of which are found in this country"—and promote the use of the term "freshwater turtle" to describe Australia's primarily aquatic members of the order Testudines because it avoids misleading use of the word "tortoise" and also is a useful distinction from marine turtles.[9] Biology Life cycle Adult male leopard tortoise, South Africa Tortoise laying eggs Young African sulcata tortoise Most species of tortoises lay small clutch sizes, seldom exceeding 20 eggs, and many species have clutch sizes of only 1–2 eggs. Incubation is characteristically long in most species, the average incubation period are between 100 and 160.0 days. Egg-laying typically occurs at night, after which the mother tortoise covers her clutch with sand, soil, and organic material. The eggs are left unattended, and depending on the species, take from 60 to 120 days to incubate.[10] The size of the egg depends on the size of the mother and can be estimated by examining the width of the cloacal opening between the carapace and plastron. The plastron of a female tortoise often has a noticeable V-shaped notch below the tail which facilitates passing the eggs. Upon completion of the incubation period, a fully formed hatchling uses an egg tooth to break out of its shell. It digs to the surface of the nest and begins a life of survival on its own. They are hatched with an embryonic egg sac which serves as a source of nutrition for the first three to seven days until they have the strength and mobility to find food. Juvenile tortoises often require a different balance of nutrients than adults, so may eat foods which a more mature tortoise would not. For example, the young of a strictly herbivorous species commonly will consume worms or insect larvae for additional protein.[11] The number of concentric rings on the carapace, much like the cross-section of a tree, can sometimes give a clue to how old the animal is, but, since the growth depends highly on the accessibility of food and water, a tortoise that has access to plenty of forage (or is regularly fed by its owner) with no seasonal variation will have no noticeable rings. Moreover, some tortoises grow more than one ring per season, and in some others, due to wear, some rings are no longer visible.[12] Tortoises generally have one of the longest lifespans of any animal, and some individuals are known to have lived longer than 150 years.[13] Because of this, they symbolize longevity in some cultures, such as Chinese culture. The oldest tortoise ever recorded, and one of the oldest individual animals ever recorded, was Tu'i Malila, which was presented to the Tongan royal family by the British explorer James Cook shortly after its birth in 1777. Tu'i Malila remained in the care of the Tongan royal family until its death by natural causes on May 19, 1965, at the age of 188.[14] The record for the longest-lived vertebrate is exceeded only by one other, a koi named Hanako, whose death on July 17, 1977, ended a 226-year lifespan.[15] The Alipore Zoo in India was the home to Adwaita, which zoo officials claimed was the oldest living animal until its death on March 23, 2006. Adwaita (also spelled Addwaita) was an Aldabra giant tortoise brought to India by Lord Wellesley, who handed it over to the Alipur Zoological Gardens in 1875 when the zoo was set up. West Bengal officials said records showed Adwaita was at least 150 years old, but other evidence pointed to 250. Adwaita was said to be the pet of Robert Clive.[16] Harriet was a resident at the Australia Zoo in Queensland from 1987 to her death in 2006; she was believed to have been brought to England by Charles Darwin aboard the Beagle and then on to Australia by John Clements Wickham.[17] Harriet died on June 23, 2006, just shy of her 176th birthday. Timothy, a female spur-thighed tortoise, lived to be about 165 years old. For 38 years, she was carried as a mascot aboard various ships in Britain's Royal Navy. Then in 1892, at age 53, she retired to the grounds of Powderham Castle in Devon. Up to the time of her death in 2004, she was believed to be the United Kingdom's oldest resident.[18] Jonathan, a Seychelles giant tortoise living on the island of St Helena, may be as old as 190 years[19] or 186 years.[20] Sexual dimorphism Many species of tortoises are sexually dimorphic, though the differences between males and females vary from species to species.[21] In some species, males have a longer, more protruding neck plate than their female counterparts, while in others, the claws are longer on the females. The male plastron is curved inwards to aid reproduction. The easiest way to determine the sex of a tortoise is to look at the tail. The females, as a general rule, have smaller tails, dropped down, whereas the males have much longer tails which are usually pulled up and to the side of the rear shell. Brain The brain of a tortoise is extremely small. Red-footed tortoises, from Central and South America, do not have an area in the brain called the hippocampus, which relates to emotion, learning, memory and spatial navigation. Studies have shown that red-footed tortoises may rely on an area of the brain called the medial cortex for emotional actions, an area that humans use for actions such as decision making.[22] In the 17th century, Francesco Redi performed an experiment that involved removing the brain of a land tortoise, which then proceeded to live six months. Freshwater tortoises, when subjected to the same experiment, continued similarly, but did not live so long. Redi also cut the head off a tortoise entirely, and it lived for 23 days.[23][24][25] Distribution Tortoises are found from southern North America to southern South America, around the Mediterranean basin, across Eurasia to Southeast Asia, in sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar, and some Pacific islands. They are absent from Australasia. They live in diverse habitats, including deserts, arid grasslands, and scrub to wet evergreen forests, and from sea level to mountains. Most species, however, occupy semiarid habitats. Many large islands are or were characterized by species of giant tortoises. Part of the reason for this is that tortoises are good at oceanic dispersal. Despite being unable to swim, tortoises are able to survive long periods adrift at sea because they can survive months without food or fresh water. Tortoises have been known to survive oceanic dispersals of more than 740 km.[26] Once on islands tortoises faced few predators or competitors and could grow to large sizes and become the dominant large herbivores on many islands due to their low metabolic rate and reduced need for fresh water compared to mammals.[27] Today there are only two living species of giant tortoises, the Aldabra giant tortoise on Aldabra Atoll and the several species/subspecies of Galapagos giant tortoise found on the Galapagos Islands. However, until recently giant tortoises could be found on nearly every major island group, including the Bahamas, the Greater Antilles (including Cuba and Hispaniola), the Lesser Antilles, the Canary Islands, Malta, the Seychelles, the Mascarene Islands (including Mauritius and Reunion), and Madagascar. Most of these tortoises were wiped out by human arrival. Many of these giant tortoises are not closely related (belonging to different genera such as Megalochelys, Chelonoidis, Centrochelys, Aldabrachelys, Cylindraspis, and Hesperotestudo), but are thought to have independently evolved large body size through convergent evolution. Giant tortoises are notably absent from Australasia and many south Pacific islands, but the distantly related meiolaniid turtles are thought to have filled the same niche. Giant tortoises are also known from the Oligocene-Pliocene of mainland North America, South America, Europe, Asia, and Africa, but are all now extinct, which is also attributed to human activity.[28] Diet Baby tortoise feeding on lettuce Tortoise feeding on a cactus Tortoise feeding on a cactus Tortoises are generally considered to be strict herbivores, feeding on grasses, weeds, leafy greens, flowers, and some fruits. However, hunting and eating of birds has been observed on occasion.[29] Pet tortoises typically require diets based on wild grasses, weeds, leafy greens and certain flowers. Certain species consume worms or insects and carrion in their normal habitats. Too much protein is detrimental in herbivorous species, and has been associated with shell deformities and other medical problems. Different tortoise species vary greatly in their nutritional requirements. Behavior Communication in tortoises is different from many other reptiles. Because they are restricted by their shell and short limbs, visual communication is not a strong form of communication in tortoises. Tortoises use olfactory cues to determine the sex of other tortoises so that they can find a potential mate. Tactile communication is important in tortoises during combat and courtship. In both combat and courtship, tortoises use ramming to communicate with other individuals.[30] Taxonomy Skeleton of a tortoise This species list largely follows Turtle Taxonomy Working Group (2021)[31] and the Turtle Extinctions Working Group (2015).[32] A skeleton of Aldabra giant tortoise found in Cousin Island (Seychelles). Fossil of the extinct Ergilemys insolitus Family Testudinidae Batsch 1788[33] †Alatochelon[34] † Alatochelon myrteum Aldabrachelys Loveridge and Williams 1957:166[35] Aldabrachelys gigantea Aldabran giant tortoise. †Aldabrachelys abrupta Late Holocene, extinct circa 1200 AD †Aldabrachelys grandidieri Late Holocene, extinct circa 884 AD Astrochelys Gray, 1873:4[36] Astrochelys radiata, radiated tortoise Astrochelys yniphora, angonoka tortoise, (Madagascan) plowshare tortoise Centrochelys Gray 1872:5[37] † Centrochelys atlantica † Centrochelys burchardi † Centrochelys marocana † Centrochelys robusta Centrochelys sulcata, African spurred tortoise, sulcata tortoise † Centrochelys vulcanica Chelonoidis Fitzinger 1835:112[38] † Chelonoidis alburyorum Abaco tortoise, Late Pleistocene, extinct c. 1400 CE Chelonoidis carbonarius, red-footed tortoise Chelonoidis chilensis, Chaco tortoise, Argentine tortoise or southern wood tortoise † Chelonoidis cubensis Cuban giant tortoise Chelonoidis denticulatus Brazilian giant tortoise, yellow-footed tortoise † C. dominicensis Dominican giant tortoise[39] † Chelonoidis lutzae Lutz's giant tortoise, Late Pleistocene † Chelonoidis monensis Mona tortoise Chelonoidis niger Galapagos giant tortoise[40] † Chelonoidis sellovii Southern Cone giant tortoise, Pleistocene † Chelonoidis sombrerensis Sombrero giant tortoise, Late Pleistocene Chersina Gray 1830:5 Chersina angulata, angulated tortoise, South African bowsprit tortoise † Cheirogaster Bergounioux 1935:78 †Cheirogaster gymnesica Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene †Cheirogaster schafferi Pliocene to Early Pleistocene Chersobius Fitzinger, 1835 Chersobius boulengeri, Karoo padloper, Karoo dwarf tortoise, Boulenger's Cape tortoise Chersobius signatus, speckled padloper tortoise Chersobius solus, Nama padloper, Berger's Cape tortoise †Cylindraspis Fitzinger 1835:112[38] (all species extinct) following Austin and Arnold, 2001:[41] †Cylindraspis indica, synonym Cylindraspis borbonica, Reunion giant tortoise †Cylindraspis inepta, saddle-backed Mauritius giant tortoise or Mauritius giant domed tortoise †Cylindraspis peltastes, domed Rodrigues giant tortoise †Cylindraspis triserrata, domed Mauritius giant tortoise or Mauritius giant flat-shelled tortoise †Cylindraspis vosmaeri, saddle-backed Rodrigues giant tortoise † Ergilemys Ckhikvadze, 1984[42] Ergilemys bruneti Ergilemys insolitus Ergilemys saikanensis Geochelone Fitzinger 1835:112[38] † Geochelone burchardi Tenerife giant tortoise[43] † Geochelone vulcanica Gran Canaria giant tortoise[44] Geochelone elegans, Indian star tortoise Geochelone platynota, Burmese star tortoise † Geochelone robusta Malta giant tortoise Gopherus Rafinesque 1832:64[45] Gopherus agassizii, Mojave desert tortoise, Agassiz's desert tortoise Gopherus berlandieri, Texas tortoise, Berlandier's tortoise Gopherus flavomarginatus, Bolson tortoise Gopherus morafkai, Sonoran desert tortoise, Morafka's desert tortoise Gopherus polyphemus, gopher tortoise † Hadrianus Hadrianus corsoni (syn. H. octonarius) Hadrianus robustus Hadrianus schucherti Hadrianus utahensis † Hesperotestudo Hesperotestudo alleni Hesperotestudo angusticeps Hesperotestudo brontops Hesperotestudo equicomes Hesperotestudo impensa Hesperotestudo incisa Hesperotestudo johnstoni Hesperotestudo kalganensis Hesperotestudo niobrarensis Hesperotestudo orthopygia Hesperotestudo osborniana Hesperotestudo percrassa Hesperotestudo riggsi Hesperotestudo tumidus Hesperotestudo turgida Hesperotestudo wilsoni Homopus Duméril and Bibron 1834:357[46] Homopus areolatus, common padloper, parrot-beaked tortoise, beaked Cape tortoise Homopus femoralis, greater padloper, greater dwarf tortoise Indotestudo Lindholm, 1929 Indotestudo elongata, elongated tortoise, yellow-headed tortoise Indotestudo forstenii, Forsten's tortoise, East Indian tortoise Indotestudo travancorica, Travancore tortoise Kinixys Kinixys belliana, Bell's hinge-back tortoise Kinixys erosa, forest hinge-back tortoise, serrated hinge-back tortoise Kinixys homeana, Home's hinge-back tortoise Kinixys lobatsiana, Lobatse hinge-back tortoise Kinixys natalensis, Natal hinge-back tortoise Kinixys spekii, Speke's hinge-back tortoise Malacochersus Lindholm 1929:285[47] Malacochersus tornieri, pancake tortoise Manouria Gray 1854:133[48] Manouria emys, Asian giant tortoise, brown tortoise (mountain tortoise) Manouria impressa, impressed tortoise † Megalochelys Falconer, H. and Cautley, P.T. 1837.[49] † Megalochelys atlas, Atlas tortoise, Extinct – Pliocene to Pleistocene † Megalochelys cautleyi, Cautley's giant tortoise Psammobates Fitzinger 1835:113[38] Psammobates geometricus, geometric tortoise Psammobates oculifer, serrated tent tortoise, Kalahari tent tortoise Psammobates tentorius, African tent tortoise Pyxis Bell 1827:395[50] Pyxis arachnoides, (Madagascan) spider tortoise Pyxis planicauda, flat-backed spider tortoise, (Madagascan) flat-tailed tortoise, flat-tailed spider tortoise Stigmochelys Gray, 1873 Stigmochelys pardalis, leopard tortoise † Stylemys Stylemys botti Stylemys calaverensis Stylemys canetotiana Stylemys capax Stylemys conspecta Stylemys copei Stylemys emiliae Stylemys frizaciana Stylemys karakolensis Stylemys nebrascensis (syn. S. amphithorax) Stylemys neglectus Stylemys oregonensis Stylemys pygmea Stylemys uintensis Stylemys undabuna † Titanochelon †Titanochelon gymnesica (Bate, 1914) Balearic Islands, Pliocene † Titanochelon bolivari (Hernandez-Pacheco, 1917) (type) Iberian Peninsula, Miocene † Titanochelon bacharidisi (Vlachos et al., 2014) Greece, Bulgaria, Late Miocene † Titanochelon perpiniana (Deperet 1885) France, Pliocene †Titanochelon schafferi (Szalai, 1931) Samos, Greece, Miocene †Titanochelon vitodurana (Biedermann 1862) Switzerland, Early Miocene †Titanochelon kayadibiensis Karl, Staesche & Safi, 2021, Anatolia, Miocene †Titanochelon eurysternum (Gervais, 1848–1852) France, Miocene †Titanochelon ginsburgi (de Broin, 1977 ) France, Miocene †Titanochelon leberonensis (Depéret, 1890) France, Miocene Testudo Testudo graeca, Greek tortoise, spur-thighed tortoise, Moorish tortoise Testudo hermanni, Hermann's tortoise Testudo horsfieldii, Russian tortoise Testudo kleinmanni, Egyptian tortoise, including Negev tortoise Testudo marginata, marginated tortoise Phylogeny A molecular phylogeny of tortoises, following Le et al. (2006: 525):[51] Testudinidae     Ergilemys     Manouria     Gopherus           Indotestudo     Testudo     Malacochersus           Centrochelys sulcata   Geochelone   Geochelone platynota     Geochelone elegans               Chersina     Homopus         Stigmochelys     Psammobates           Aldabrachelys     Pyxis     Astrochelys radiata     Astrochelys yniphora           Kinixys     Chelonoidis           A separate phylogeny via mtDNA analysis was found by Kehlmaier et al. (2021):[52] Testudinidae     Manouria       Gopherus         Testudo       Indotestudo       Agrionemys     Malacochersus             †Cylindraspis                 Chersina     Chersobius       Homopus         Psammobates     Stigmochelys             Aldabrachelys       Pyxis     Astrochelys           Kinixys         Centrochelys     Geochelone       Chelonoidis                         In human culture In religion Bas-relief from Angkor Wat, Cambodia, shows Samudra manthan-Vishnu in the centre, his turtle Avatar Kurma below, asuras and devas to left and right See also: World Turtle and Cultural depictions of turtles In Hinduism, Kurma (Sanskrit: कुर्म) was the second Avatar of Vishnu. Like the Matsya Avatara, Kurma also belongs to the Satya Yuga. Vishnu took the form of a half-man, half-tortoise, the lower half being a tortoise. He is normally shown as having four arms. He sat on the bottom of the ocean after the Great Flood. A mountain was placed on his back by the other gods so they could churn the sea and find the ancient treasures of the Vedic peoples. In Judaism and early Christianity tortoises were seen as unclean animals.[53] Tortoise shells were used by ancient Chinese as oracle bones to make predictions. The tortoise is a symbol of the Ancient Greek god, Hermes. In space In September, 1968, two Russian tortoises became the first animals to fly to and circle the Moon. Their Zond 5 mission brought them back to Earth safely. As pets See also: Turtle § As pets As food See also: Turtle soup In fiction Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles is an entertainment franchise. The four anthropomorphic turtle brothers trained in ninjitsu are shown to fight evil in New York City. Gallery Baby Testudo marginata emerges from its egg Baby Testudo marginata emerges from its egg   Baby tortoise, less than a day old Baby tortoise, less than a day old   Young, 20-year-old Tanzanian leopard tortoise feeding on grass Young, 20-year-old Tanzanian leopard tortoise feeding on grass   Aldabra giant tortoise, Geochelone gigantea Aldabra giant tortoise, Geochelone gigantea   22-year-old leopard tortoise 22-year-old leopard tortoise   African spurred tortoise from the Oakland Zoo African spurred tortoise from the Oakland Zoo   Pair of African spurred tortoises mate in a zoo Pair of African spurred tortoises mate in a zoo   Boy rides a tortoise at a zoo Boy rides a tortoise at a zoo   Video of tortoises mating   Young Testudo hermanni Young Testudo hermanni See also Cultural depictions of turtles Jackson ratio References  encyclopedia of LIFE. Miles Kelly. 2017. p. 211. ISBN 978-1-78617-327-0.  Simoons, Frederick J. (1991). Food in China: A Cultural and Historical Inquiry. 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PMID 16678445.  Kehlmaier, Christian; Albury, Nancy A.; Steadman, David W.; Graciá, Eva; Franz, Richard; Fritz, Uwe (2021-02-09). "Ancient mitogenomics elucidates diversity of extinct West Indian tortoises". Scientific Reports. 11 (1): 3224. Bibcode:2021NatSR..11.3224K. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-82299-w. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7873039. PMID 33564028.  Thomas, Richard. "TORTOISES AND THE EXOTIC ANIMAL TRADE IN BRITAIN FROM MEDIEVAL TO 'MODERN'" (PDF). Testudo. 8 – via British Chelonia Group site. Further reading Chambers, Paul (2004). A Sheltered Life: The Unexpected History of the Giant Tortoise. London: John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-6528-1. Ernst, C. H.; Barbour, R. W. (1989). Turtles of the World. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN 9780874744149. Gerlach, Justin (2004). Giant Tortoises of the Indian Ocean. Frankfurt: Chimiara. Antoinette C. van der Kuyl; Donato L. Ph. Ballasina; John T. Dekker; Jolanda Maas; Ronald E. Willemsen; Jaap Goudsmit (February 2002). "Phylogenetic Relationships among the Species of the Genus Testudo (Testudines: Testudinidae) Inferred from Mitochondrial 12S rRNA Gene Sequences". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 22 (2): 174–183. doi:10.1006/mpev.2001.1052. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 11820839. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Testudinidae. Wikispecies has information related to Testudinidae. Family Testudinidae (Tortoises), The Reptile Database Chelonia: Conservation and care of turtles. Live Tortoise Stream : Live Tortoise Stream vte Tortoise family Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: ReptiliaSubclass: AnapsidaOrder: TestudinesSuborder: CryptodiraSuperfamily: TestudinoideaFamily: Testudinidae Genera Species of the tortoise family Agrionemys Russian tortoise Aldabrachelys Aldabra giant tortoise (subspecies:A. g. arnoldi†A. g. daudiniiA. g. hololissa)†Aldabrachelys abrupta†Aldabrachelys grandidieri Astrochelys Angonoka tortoiseRadiated tortoise Centrochelys African spurred tortoise†Centrochelys atlantica†Centrochelys burchardi†Centrochelys vulcanica Chelonoidis Chaco tortoiseRed-footed tortoiseYellow-footed tortoise†Chelonoidis alburyorum†Chelonoidis cubensis†Chelonoidis lutzae†Chelonoidis monensis†Chelonoidis sellovii†Chelonoidis sombrerensis Galápagos tortoise Chelonoidis complex Cerro Azul giant tortoiseChatham Island giant tortoiseEastern Santa Cruz tortoiseFernandina Island tortoise†Floreana Island tortoiseHood Island giant tortoise (Diego)Santa Fe Island tortoise†Pinta Island tortoise †(Lonesome George)Santiago Island giant tortoisePinzón Island giant tortoiseSierra Negra giant tortoiseVolcán Alcedo giant tortoiseVolcán Darwin giant tortoiseVolcán Wolf giant tortoiseWestern Santa Cruz tortoise †Cheirogaster †Cheirogaster bacharidisi†Cheirogaster gymnesica†Cheirogaster schafferi Chersina Angulate tortoise Chersobius Nama padloperKaroo padloperSpeckled padloper †Cylindraspis †Domed Mauritius giant tortoise†Domed Rodrigues giant tortoise†Réunion giant tortoise†Saddle-backed Mauritius giant tortoise†Saddle-backed Rodrigues giant tortoise Geochelone Burmese star tortoiseIndian star tortoise Gopherus Bolson tortoiseDesert tortoiseGoode's thornscrub tortoiseGopher tortoiseSonoran Desert tortoiseTexas tortoise †Hadrianus †Hadrianus corsoni†Hadrianus majusculus†Hadrianus octonaria†Hadrianus robustus†Hadrianus schucherti†Hadrianus utahensis†Hadrianus vialovi †Hesperotestudo †Hesperotestudo percrassa Homopus Common padloperGreater padloper Indotestudo Elongated tortoiseForsten's tortoiseTravancore tortoise Kinixys Bell's hinge-back tortoiseForest hinge-back tortoiseHome's hinge-back tortoiseLobatse hinge-back tortoiseNatal hinge-back tortoiseSpeke's hinge-back tortoise Malacochersus Pancake tortoise Manouria Asian forest tortoiseImpressed tortoise †Megalochelys †Megalochelys atlas†Megalochelys cautleyi†Megalochelys margae†Megalochelys sondaari Psammobates Geometric tortoiseSerrated tortoiseTent tortoise Pyxis Flat-backed spider tortoiseSpider tortoise Stigmochelys Leopard tortoise †Stylemys †Stylemys botti†Stylemys calaverensis†Stylemys canetotiana†Stylemys capax†Stylemys conspecta†Stylemys copei†Stylemys emiliae†Stylemys frizaciana†Stylemys karakolensis†Stylemys nebrascensis†Stylemys neglectus†Stylemys oregonensis†Stylemys pygmea†Stylemys uintensis†Stylemys undabuna Testudo Hermann's tortoiseKleinmann's tortoiseMarginated tortoiseSpur-thighed tortoise†Testudo brevitesta Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on turtles of the world 2017 update: Annotated checklist and atlas of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status. Key: †=extinct. vte Testudines Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: ReptiliaSubclass: AnapsidaOrder: Testudines Suborder Superfamily Family Genus Cryptodira Chelonioidea (Sea turtles) Cheloniidae †AllopleuronCaretta†CarolinochelysChelonia†EocheloneEretmochelys†Gigantatypus†Glarichelys†ItilochelysLepidochelys†Mexichelys†MiocarettaNatator†Pacifichelys†Syllomus†Tasbacka Dermochelyidae †Arabemys†Bouliachelys†Corsochelys†CosmochelysDermochelys†Eosphargis†Mesodermochelys†Psephophorus   †Alienochelys†Berruchelus†Euclastes†Peritresius†Procolpochelys†Protosphargis†Puppigerus Kinosternoidea Dermatemydidae Dermatemys Kinosternidae Claudius†HoplochelysKinosternonStaurotypusSternotherus Testudinoidea Emydidae ChrysemysClemmysDeirochelysEmysActinemysEmydoideaGlyptemysGraptemysMalaclemysPseudemysTerrapeneTrachemys Geoemydidae Batagur†BanhxeochelysCuoraCyclemysGeoclemysGeoemydaHardellaHeosemysLeucocephalonMalayemysMauremysMelanochelysMoreniaNotochelysOrlitiaPangshuraRhinoclemmysSacaliaSiebenrockiellaVijayachelys  Platysternidae Platysternon Tortoises AldabrachelysAstrochelysCentrochelysChelonoidisChersinaCylindraspisGeocheloneGopherus†Hadrianus†HesperotestudoHomopusIndotestudoKinixysMalacochersusManouria†MegalochelysPsammobatesPyxis†SolitudoStigmochelys†StylemysTestudo Trionychia Carettochelyidae †Allaeochelys†AnosteiraCarettochelys Trionychidae AmydaApalone†AxestemysChitraCyclanorbisCyclodermaDogania†Gilmoremys†Hutchemys†KhunnuchelysLissemysNilssoniaPalea†PalaeoamydaPelochelysPelodiscusRafetusTrionyx   †Basilochelys†Sinaspideretes †Baenoidea †Baenidae †Arvinachelys†Baena†Cedrobaena†Chisternon†Denazinemys†Gamerabaena†Neurankylus†Palatobaena†Peckemys†Plesiobaena †Pleurosternidae †Dinochelys†Dorsetochelys†Glyptops†Pleurosternon†Selenemys   Chelydridae †AcherontemysChelydra†Chelydrops†Chelydropsis†Emarginachelys†MacrocephalochelysMacrochelys†Planiplastron†Protochelydra †Eurysternidae †Achelonia†Chelonides†Eurysternum†Hydropelta†Idiochelys†Palaeomedusa†Parachelys †Macrobaenidae †Anatolemys†Aurorachelys†Kirgizemys†Osteopygis†Yakemys †Nanhsiungchelyidae †Anomalochelys†Basilemys†Jiangxichelys †Protostegidae †Archelon†Atlantochelys†Atlantochelys†Calcarichelys†Cratochelone†Desmatochelys†Iserosaurus†Notochelone†Ocepechelon†Pneumatoarthrus†Protostega†Rhinochelys†Santanachelys†Terlinguachelys †Sinemydidae †Jeholochelys†Liaochelys†Manchurochelys†Ordosemys†Sinemys †Thalassemydidae †Neusticemys†Palaeomedusa†Thalassemys   †Adocus†Angolachelys†Argillochelys†Bashuchelys†Brodiechelys†Ctenochelys†Compsemys†Hoyasemys†Larachelus†Leyvachelys†Plesiochelys†Toxochelys†Uluops†Xinjiangchelys Pleurodira   †Araripemydidae †Araripemys †Bothremydidae †Araiochelys†Arenila†Azabbaremys†Bothremys†Cearachelys†Chedighaii†Chupacabrachelys†Eotaphrosphys†Foxemys†Galianemys†Ilatardia†Inaechelys†Itapecuruemys†Jainemys†Kinkonychelys†Kurmademys†Labrostochelys†Nigeremys†Phosphatochelys†Polysternon†Puentemys†Rosasia†Rhothonemys†Sankuchemys†Taphrosphys†Ummulisani†Zolhafah Chelidae AcanthochelysChelodinaChelusElseyaElusorEmyduraHydromedusa†LomalatachelysMesoclemmysMyuchelysPhrynopsPlatemys†ProchelidellaPseudemyduraRheodytesRhinemys†Yaminuechelys Pelomedusidae PelomedusaPelusios Podocnemididae †Albertwoodemys†Bauruemys†Brontochelys†Caninemys†Carbonemys†Cerrejonemys†CordichelysErymnochelys†Lapparentemys†LatentemysPeltocephalusPodocnemis†Stupendemys †Sahonachelyidae †Sahonachelys †Sokatra This is a list of fictional turtles, tortoises, and terrapins from literature, movies and other elements of popular culture. In mythology, legends, and folklore Character Origin Notes Br'er Turtle (Br'er Tarrypin) Uncle Remus's folk tales Genbu Japanese Mythology Kappa Japanese Mythology A turtle like humanoid Kurma Hindu mythology The second of the dashavatars of Vishnu Mbeku West African mythology Trickster tortoise in Igbo and West African folktales Minogame Urashima Taro A sea turtle, is said to be Otohime, daughter of the Emperor of the Sea The Tortoise The Tortoise and the Hare from Aesop's Fables Turtle Island North American Indigenous Peoples Lenape "Great Turtle", Iroquois "Hah-nu-nah" World Turtle Hindu mythology Also referred to as Akupara, the Cosmic Turtle or the World-bearing Turtle In literature Character Origin Author Notes Alderman Ptolemy Tortoise The Tale of Mr. Jeremy Fisher Beatrix Potter One of Jeremy's two friends who brings him some salad for dinner. Alfie Esio Trot Roald Dahl Illustrated by Quentin Blake. Cassiopeia Momo Michael Ende Clothahump Spellsinger Alan Dean Foster Aged turtle wizard. Fastitocalon The Adventures of Tom Bombadil J. R. R. Tolkien A sea turtle the size of a small island, fooling mariners who attempted to land on him. Franklin Franklin the Turtle Paulette Bourgeois Illustrated by Brenda Clark. Adapted into an Animated Series and a CGI Series. Great A'Tuin Discworld Terry Pratchett The World Turtle, carrying the four elephants which hold the Discworld. Leatherback turtle The Wreck of the Zanzibar Michael Morpurgo A turtle nursed back to health by Laura and Granny May believes he participated in the Wreck of the Zanzibar. Mock Turtle Alice's Adventures in Wonderland Lewis Carroll Morla The Neverending Story Michael Ende A giant, wise swamp turtle. Mudface Doctor Dolittle Hugh Lofting Particularly Doctor Dolittle and the Secret Lake Om Small Gods Terry Pratchett A god briefly incarnated as a tortoise. Ove Bert Diaries[1] Anders Jacobsson and Sören Olsson Illustrated by Sonja Härdin. Plautus/Lightning Arcadia (play) Tom Stoppard In both the past and present portions of the play. Slow-and-Solid Just So Stories Rudyard Kipling A tortoise who is one of the protagonists the story. Spotty Old Mother West Wind Thornton Burgess The Tortoise What the Tortoise Said to Achilles Lewis Carroll Also in sequel dialogs in Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid by Douglas Hofstadter Tortoise À rebours Joris-Karl Huysmans Yertle and Mack Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories Dr. Seuss A popular children's tale that cautions against despotism. Yertle is the grandiose king of the pond who decides he rules whatever he can see—and makes the turtles stack up to the sky. Mack is the turtle at the bottom who ultimately rebels and brings the stack crashing down. Maturin The Dark Tower (series) & It (novel) Stephen King Considered the most powerful of the guardians of the beams. Minn Minn of the Mississippi Holling C. Holling Tortoise The Grapes of Wrath [Chapter 3] John Steinbeck A tortoise crosses the road to get to the sea. Its struggle to do so (even being hit by a car and land on its back) can be read allegorically for the struggles the Joad family has to endure. 'The tortoise(s)' The Tortoises [org. title: Die Schildkröten] Veza Canetti The novel takes place in Anschluss-Vienna and features tortoises in which a local craftsman intends to engrave swastikas as sign of welcome to the expected Nazis. Heartbroken about this practice, the Jewish protagonist Kain buys all the untouched ones and takes them home. One of them, however, still naturally features a swastika-like form on its shell. Kain's brother Werner, a stone specialist, particularly identifies with the tortoises. Yet all Jewish characters appear to do so in some way. Being forced to dine with the SA official Pilz, they present him with mock-turtle soup they do not eat themselves (as it is not koscher), one of them says: "We are the tortoises." Additionally, remarks to other popular uses of the tortoise's body (e.g. for combs) are briefly drawn attention to. Although the animal itself plays a minor character in the novel, it arguably stands symbolically for the novels characters and their resistance. In comics Character Origin First appearance Notes Arnold Weber Best friend of Weber the ladybird in Gommaar Timmermans' comic series Weber. [2] Burocracia Quino Mafalda's pet Caroline Boule et Bill Bill's best friend.[3] Churchy LaFemme Pogo Donatello Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #1 (May 1984) Nicknames: Don, Donnie Weapon of choice: The bō (long staff) Bandana: red (Mirage/Image Comics), purple (elsewhere) Elvis Elvis Fillmore Sherman's Lagoon Genbu Yu Yu Hakusho Villainous member of the saint beasts. Jack (Dolly) Ox Tales Jinmen Devilman Villain who puts people's faces into his shell. John the Turtle B.C. A friend of the Dookie Bird Leonardo Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #1 (May 1984) Nickname: Leo Weapon of choice: the Katana (sword) Bandana: red (Mirage/Image Comics), blue (elsewhere) Michelangelo Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #1 (May 1984) Nicknames: Mike, Mikey Weapon of choice: The Nunchaku (nunchucks) Bandana: red (Mirage/Image Comics), orange (elsewhere) The Millennium Tortoise Image Comics Goes to Aqua Leung Raphael Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles #1 (May 1984) Nickname: Raph Weapon of choice: The sai Bandana: red Skalman Bamse Friend of the title character Super-Turtle DC Comics Terrific Whatzit DC Comics Timmy-Joe Terrapin/Fastback Captain Carrot and his Amazing Zoo Crew Tim Turtle Lionel's Kingdom In film and television Character Origin Notes Crush Finding Nemo A sea turtle who is 150 years old in the film. He has a son named Squirt. Gamera Daiei Motion Picture Company A flying, fire-breathing turtle. Giant sea turtle The Bermuda Depths A supernatural sea monster. Grand Master Oogway Kung Fu Panda An aged giant tortoise, who was the kung fu master of Shifu. Granny Pearl Pajanimals Howard Razzle Dazzle Kamoebas Space Amoeba The Lion Turtle Avatar: The Last Airbender Madge It's a Big Big World Morla The Neverending Story Pong Pagong Batibot Shelly Sesame Street A Muppet turtle who appeared on Sesame Street. Tardy Turtle Greg the Bunny A slow-witted set assistant. Terraspin Ben 10: Ultimate Alien A turtle-like alien. Tokka Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Secret of the Ooze Tortoise John Rango Mayor of Dirt, the desert town setting in the film. Tuck Wonder Pets Tuck is a four-year-old turtle. He is described as sensitive with an emotional connection to living things Verne Over the Hedge A cynical box turtle and the leader of the animal group. Venus Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation Lenny Turteltaub Bojack Horseman A turtle who is a Hollywood producer. In animations Bert the turtle Character Origin Notes Aloysius III Infinity Train The emperor and unifier of the hard and soft-shelled turtles. Archie The Land Before Time IV: Journey Through the Mists An elderly Archelon who helps Littlefoot. Baby Shelby Mickey Mouse Works / Disney's House of Mouse A baby turtle who always annoys and takes advantage of Donald Duck. Bert the Turtle Duck and Cover A civil defense social guiding film shown to school children in the U.S. in the 1950s/60s to tell them what to do in case of the explosion of a nuclear bomb. Bev Gilturtle Littlest Pet Shop: A World of Our Own Bev Gilturtle is one of the main characters who is an energetic box turtle.[4] She tries to entertain the other pets as she can and she loves trying out various kinds of activities. Burt Danger Rangers Cecil Turtle Merrie Melodies / Looney Tunes Bugs Bunny's nemesis and rival. Coco Jumbo JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Golden Wind A turtle with an ability to create a safe-house if a special key is placed on his back. Later hosts the soul of Jean-Pierre Polnareff. Dog Taz-Mania Taz's pet dog turtle Filburt Rocko's Modern Life Gallop Babar and the Adventures of Badou An elderly turtle who lives in the jungle near Celesteville. Giant tortoise Polar Bear Cafe Grandpa Wild Kratts An old, giant Galápagos tortoise. Martin named him that because of how old he is, estimated at 130 years. Gramps The Rescuers Hun Turtles Forever Gets mutated into a turtle Ichikawa Umi Monogatari: Anata ga Ite Kureta Koto Kame Jiiya Puka Puka Juju Kongwe The Lion Guard An African spurred tortoise. Sammy A Turtle's Tale: Sammy's Adventures A sea turtle who navigates his 50-year life through the changes caused by global warming. Shelbow The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning A sea turtle who plays the drums (including his shell) in Disney's third The Little Mermaid movie. Shelly T. Turtle The Shelly T. Turtle Show A yellow turtle who is the titular host of the show. Slash Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Snappy Sam The Comic Strip (TV series) An anthropomorphic turtle who is the chef and owner of the diner whom "Honeylove" Loretta, of the Street Frogs, works as a waitress and kitchen helper. Speed The Swan Princess Tamachan Love Hina A flying turtle. Tank My Little Pony: Friendship is Magic A tortoise who is Rainbow Dash's pet. Thelma Tortoise Manga Aesop's Fables Tippi Turtle Saturday Night Live[5][6] An obnoxious practical joker created by Jack Zander Toby Tortoise The Tortoise and the Hare Toby Turtle Robin Hood Skippy's best friend that wears glasses. Toby the Turtle 64 Zoo Lane A turtle who is friends with Kevin the Crocodile and Doris the Duck. Toto Harry & Toto Turner Chucklewood Critters T.W. Turtle Cats Don't Dance A nervous and superstitious turtle who always relies on fortune cookies. Tooter Turtle Total Television Touché Turtle Touché Turtle Umigame (Turtle) Dragon Ball A sea turtle who is a companion of Master Roshi. He has a son named Umigame Jr. (Turtle, Jr.) English localized name: Turtle Verne Over the Hedge Crwban Chwedlau Tinga Tinga A happy and colourful cartoon turtle on Welsh language channel S4C - voiced by Geraint Iwan. In video games Character Origin Notes Bentley Sly Cooper The Cooper Gang's technical aid, computer programmer and hacker. Bowser Super Mario Bros. The main villain of the Super Mario series. Bowser Jr. Super Mario Sunshine Bowser's son. Devan Shell Jazz Jackrabbit Nemesis of Jazz Gerson Undertale An elderly olive green tortoise-monster who runs a vendor in Waterfall. Ghido Final Fantasy V Ancient turtle who guides Bartz and the Warriors of Light on their quest. The giant turtle The Legend of Zelda: Majora's Mask Helps get to Great Bay Temple. Kamek Super Mario World 2: Yoshi's Island Caretaker of Bowser during his childhood. A Magikoopa capable of using various spells. Koopa Troopa Super Mario Bros. Common enemy creatures in the Super Mario series. Koopalings Super Mario Bros. 3 Bowser's seven minions. Their individual names are Wendy, Morton, Iggy, Larry, Lemmy, Roy, and Ludwig. Kooper Paper Mario One of Mario's partners. An adventerous Koopa who intends to become an archaeologist. Koops Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door One of Mario's partners. Compared to his predecessor Kooper, he is more cowardly. Lakitu Super Mario Bros. One of the enemies in the Super Mario series. Also serves as the referee in spin-offs like Mario Tennis and Mario Kart. Shen-zin Su World of Warcraft: Mists of Pandaria Giant sea turtle and starting zone for the Pandaren race. Tiptup Banjo Kazooie Appears in Banjo Kazooie, Banjo Tooie and Diddy Kong Racing Tortimer Animal Crossing The eccentric tortoise mayor of the town. Valluta RuneScape An ancient tortoise-like creature that is one of the Guardians of Guthix. Warnado Skylanders A spiky shelled Air-elemental tortoise. One of the playable characters in the series. As mascots, toys, and others Character Origin Notes Mickael the Turtle Mickael the Turtle Motu Aquatica Peakaboo, Speedy Beanie Baby Testudo University of Maryland Tetter, Totter, and Corky Suzy's Zoo Frumpy USS Pasadena (SSN-752) In politics Post turtle See also Cultural depictions of turtles and tortoises References  Pearl Åkesson (5 December 2016). "Författarna bakom "Sunes jul" – "Känner bara kärlek till alla som tagit Sune till sina hjärtan"" (in Swedish). Amelia. Retrieved 12 March 2017.  "GoT".  "Jean Roba".  "Littlest Pet Shop A World Of Our Own". Hasbro Studios. Retrieved 2017-04-15.  Tippi Turtle at the Big Cartoon DataBase  Tippi Turtle at SNL Archives Archived 2012-01-11 at the Wayback Machine vte Turtles in human activities Cultural depictions of turtles fictional turtlesTurtle excluder deviceTurtle farmingTurtle Island (Native American folklore)Turtle racingTurtle soupTurtle steakTurtlingWorld turtle vte Lists of fictional life forms Plants Plants Animals ArthropodsFishParasitesWorms Amphibians Frogs and toads animation Reptiles CrocodiliansDinosaursSnakesTurtles Birds Birds of preyDucks animationPenguins Mammals Canines AnimationComicsLiteratureDogs prose and poetrycomicslive-action filmlive-action televisionanimationanimated filmanimated televisionvideo gamesFoxesWolves Felines AnimationComicsFilmLiteratureTelevisionBig cats animation Rodents AnimationComicsLiteratureVideo Games Non-human primates AnimationComicsFilmLiteratureTelevisionVideo games Ungulates AnimationHorsesLiteraturePachydermsPigs Miscellaneous BearsMarsupialsMusteloids animationBadgersRaccoonsPinnipedsRabbits and haresRhinogradentia Humanoids General ComicsFilmLiteratureTelevisionVideo games Specific AvianPiscine and AmphibianReptilian Other Alien species HumanoidsParasitesSymbionts Legendary By typeDragons popular culturefilm and televisiongamesliteraturemythology and folkloreEquines UnicornsWinged horsesWinged unicornsGhostsGiantsHybridsMermaidsVampires by regionDhampirsWerewolves Theological Fictional angelsFictional demonsFictional deities Categories: Fictional turtlesLists of fictional reptiles and amphibiansLists of reptiles Ornament (art) A wide variety of decorative styles and motifs have been developed for architecture and the applied arts, including pottery, furniture, metalwork. In textiles, wallpaper and other objects where the decoration may be the main justification for its existence, the terms pattern or design are more likely to be used. The vast range of motifs used in ornament draw from geometrical shapes and patterns, plants, and human and animal figures. Across Eurasia and the Mediterranean world there has been a rich and linked tradition of plant-based ornament for over three thousand years; traditional ornament from other parts of the world typically relies more on geometrical and animal motifs. Chinese flask decorated with a dragon, clouds and some waves, an example of Jingdezhen porcelain In a 1941 essay,[1] the architectural historian Sir John Summerson called it "surface modulation". The earliest decoration and ornament often survives from prehistoric cultures in simple markings on pottery, where decoration in other materials (including tattoos) has been lost. Where the potter's wheel was used, the technology made some kinds of decoration very easy; weaving is another technology which also lends itself very easily to decoration or pattern, and to some extent dictates its form. Ornament has been evident in civilizations since the beginning of recorded history, ranging from Ancient Egyptian architecture to the assertive lack of ornament of 20th century Modernist architecture. Ornament implies that the ornamented object has a function that an unornamented equivalent might also fulfill. Where the object has no such function, but exists only to be a work of art such as a sculpture or painting, the term is less likely to be used, except for peripheral elements. In recent centuries a distinction between the fine arts and applied or decorative arts has been applied (except for architecture), with ornament mainly seen as a feature of the latter class.[citation needed] History Various architectural ornaments on the façades of the Louvre The history of art in many cultures shows a series of wave-like trends where the level of ornament used increases over a period, before a sharp reaction returns to plainer forms, after which ornamentation gradually increases again. The pattern is especially clear in post-Roman European art, where the highly ornamented Insular art of the Book of Kells and other manuscripts influenced continental Europe, but the classically inspired Carolingian and Ottonian art largely replaced it. Ornament increased over the Romanesque and Gothic periods, but was greatly reduced in Early Renaissance styles, again under classical influence. Another period of increase, in Northern Mannerism, the Baroque and Rococo, was checked by Neoclassicism and the Romantic period, before resuming in the later 19th century Napoleon III style, Victorian decorative arts and their equivalents from other countries, to be decisively reduced by the Arts and Crafts movement and then Modernism. The detailed study of Eurasian ornamental forms was begun by Alois Riegl in his formalist study Stilfragen: Grundlegungen zu einer Geschichte der Ornamentik (Problems of style: foundations for a history of ornament) of 1893, who in the process developed his influential concept of the Kunstwollen.[2] Riegl traced formalistic continuity and development in decorative plant forms from Ancient Egyptian art and other ancient Near Eastern civilizations through the classical world to the arabesque of Islamic art. While the concept of the Kunstwollen has few followers today, his basic analysis of the development of forms has been confirmed and refined by the wider corpus of examples known today.[3] Jessica Rawson has recently extended the analysis to cover Chinese art, which Riegl did not cover, tracing many elements of Chinese decoration back to the same tradition; the shared background helping to make the assimilation of Chinese motifs into Persian art after the Mongol invasion harmonious and productive.[4] Styles of ornamentation can be studied in reference to the specific culture which developed unique forms of decoration, or modified ornament from other cultures. The Ancient Egyptian culture is arguably the first civilization to add pure decoration to their buildings. Their ornament takes the forms of the natural world in that climate, decorating the capitals of columns and walls with images of papyrus and palm trees. Assyrian culture produced ornament which shows influence from Egyptian sources and a number of original themes, including figures of plants and animals of the region. The Ancient Greek civilization created many new forms of ornament, which were diffused across Eurasia, helped by the conquests of Alexander the Great, and the expansion of Buddhism, which took some motifs to East Asia in somewhat modified form.[5] In the West the Ancient Roman latinized forms of the Greek ornament lasted for around a millennium, and after a period when they were replaced by Gothic forms, powerfully revived in the Italian Renaissance and remain extremely widely used today. Roman Ornament Ornament in the Roman empire utilized a diverse array of styles and materials, including marble, glass, obsidian, and gold. Roman ornament, specifically in the context of Pompeii, has been studied and written about by scholar Jessica Powers in her book chapter “Beyond Painting in Pompeii’s Houses: Wall Ornaments and Their Patrons.” Instead of studying ornamental objects in isolation, Powers argues that, if the information is provided, objects must be approached in their original context. This information might include the location where the work was found, other objects located or found nearby, or who the patron was who might have commissioned the work. [6] Jessica Powers’ chapter primarily discusses the Casa Degli Amorini Dorati in Pompeii, where 18 wall ornaments were found, the most of any Pompeiian home. Interior wall ornament in a Pompeian home would typically divide the wall into three or more sections under which there would be a dado taking up roughly one-sixth of the height of the wall.[7] The wall sections would be divided by broad pilasters connected by a frieze which bands across the top of the wall. The ornament found at the Casa Degli Amorini Dorati in Pompeii reflected this standard style and included objects that had clearly been reused, and rare and imported objects. Several of the panels on the walls of the Casa Degli Amorini Dorati were removed during archeological work in the 1970s, revealing that the panels had been stuck on different walls before the one on which they were found. Jessica Powers argues that these panels illustrate the home owner and correlating patrons’ willingness to utilize damaged or secondhand materials in their own home. Moreover, the materials used in the decorative wall panels were identified as being from the Greek East or Egypt, not from Pompeii. This points to the elaborate trade routes that flourished across the Roman Empire, and that home owners were interested in using materials from outside of Pompeii to embellish their homes. In addition to homes, public buildings and temples are locations where Roman ornament styles were on display. In the Roman temple, the extravagant use of ornament served as a means of self-glorification, as scholar Owen Jones notes in his book chapter, Roman Ornament. Roman ornament techniques include surface-modeling, where ornamental styles are applied onto a surface. This was a common ornamental style with marble surfaces.[8] One common ornamental style was the use of acanthus leaf, a motif adopted from the Greeks. The use of acanthus leaf and other naturalist motifs can be seen in Corinthian capitals, in temples, and in other public sites. Ornament prints and pattern books Khmer lintel in Preah Ko, (east of Angkor, Cambodia) style, late 9th century, reminiscent of later European scrollwork styles Examples of ornament in various styles. From left to right and from up to down: a festoon with a putto standing on it, an acanthus leaf, palmettes, a cartouche, a mascaron, and a trophy of musical instruments 18th-century Rococo balcony, Bavaria. The form is itself ornamental, and further decorated in painted plasterwork Renaissance Revival ornaments above a door in the Dimitrie Sturdza House from Bucharest (Romania), each door having the same thing above them The relief of Diana at the Amalienburg, in Munich (Germany) Ornament print by Sebald Beham, Centaurs fighting with mounted men Baroque ornament in a Venetian palace A typical variety of ornamental motifs on a Greek vase of c. 530 BC. A few medieval notebooks survive, most famously that of Villard de Honnecourt (13th century) showing how artists and craftsmen recorded designs they saw for future use. With the arrival of the print, ornament prints became an important part of the output of printmakers, especially in Germany, and played a vital role in the rapid diffusion of new Renaissance styles to makers of all sorts of object. As well as revived classical ornament, both architectural and the grotesque style derived from Roman interior decoration, these included new styles such as the moresque, a European adaptation of the Islamic arabesque (a distinction not always clear at the time). As printing became cheaper, the single ornament print turned into sets, and then finally books. From the 16th to the 19th century, pattern books were published in Europe which gave access to decorative elements, eventually including those recorded from cultures all over the world. Andrea Palladio's I quattro libri dell'architettura (Four Books on Architecture) (Venice, 1570),[9] which included both drawings of classical Roman buildings and renderings of Palladio's own designs utilizing those motifs, became the most influential book ever written on architecture. Napoleon had the great pyramids and temples of Egypt documented in the Description de l'Egypte (1809). Owen Jones published The Grammar of Ornament in 1856 with colored illustrations of decoration from Egypt, Turkey, Sicily and Spain. He took residence in the Alhambra Palace to make drawings and plaster castings of the ornate details of the Islamic ornaments there, including arabesques, calligraphy, and geometric patterns. Interest in classical architecture was also fueled by the tradition of traveling on The Grand Tour, and by translation of early literature about architecture in the work of Vitruvius and Michelangelo. During the 19th century, the acceptable use of ornament, and its precise definition became the source of aesthetic controversy in academic Western architecture, as architects and their critics searched for a suitable style. "The great question is," Thomas Leverton Donaldson asked in 1847, "are we to have an architecture of our period, a distinct, individual, palpable style of the 19th century?".[10] In 1849, when Matthew Digby Wyatt viewed the French Industrial Exposition set up on the Champs-Elysées in Paris, he disapproved in recognizably modern terms of the plaster ornaments in faux-bronze and faux woodgrain:[11] Both internally and externally there is a good deal of tasteless and unprofitable ornament... If each simple material had been allowed to tell its own tale, and the lines of the construction so arranged as to conduce to a sentiment of grandeur, the qualities of "power" and "truth," which its enormous extent must have necessarily ensured, could have scarcely fail to excite admiration, and that at a very considerable saving of expense. Contacts with other cultures through colonialism and the new discoveries of archaeology expanded the repertory of ornament available to revivalists. After about 1880, photography made details of ornament even more widely available than prints had done. Modern ornament 18th century illustration of a woman made of ornaments and elements of Classical architecture Modern millwork ornaments are made of wood, plastics, composites, etc. They come in many different colours and shapes. Modern architecture, conceived of as the elimination of ornament in favor of purely functional structures, left architects the problem of how to properly adorn modern structures.[12] There were two available routes from this perceived crisis. One was to attempt to devise an ornamental vocabulary that was new and essentially contemporary. This was the route taken by architects like Louis Sullivan and his pupil Frank Lloyd Wright, or by the unique Antoni Gaudí. Art Nouveau, popular around the turn of the 20th century, was in part a conscious effort to evolve such a "natural" vocabulary of ornament. A more radical route abandoned the use of ornament altogether, as in some designs for objects by Christopher Dresser. At the time, such unornamented objects could have been found in many unpretending workaday items of industrial design, ceramics produced at the Arabia manufactory in Finland, for instance, or the glass insulators of electric lines. This latter approach was described by architect Adolf Loos in his 1908 manifesto, translated into English in 1913 and polemically titled Ornament and Crime, in which he declared that lack of decoration is the sign of an advanced society. His argument was that ornament is economically inefficient and "morally degenerate", and that reducing ornament was a sign of progress.[13] Modernists were eager to point to American architect Louis Sullivan as their godfather in the cause of aesthetic simplification, dismissing the knots of intricately patterned ornament that articulated the skin of his structures. With the work of Le Corbusier and the Bauhaus through the 1920s and 1930s, lack of decorative detail became a hallmark of modern architecture and equated with the moral virtues of honesty, simplicity, and purity. In 1932 Philip Johnson and Henry-Russell Hitchcock dubbed this the "International Style". What began as a matter of taste was transformed into an aesthetic mandate. Modernists declared their way as the only acceptable way to build. As the style hit its stride in the highly developed postwar work of Mies van der Rohe, the tenets of 1950s modernism became so strict that even accomplished architects like Edward Durrell Stone and Eero Saarinen could be ridiculed and effectively ostracized for departing from the aesthetic rules.[citation needed] At the same time, the unwritten laws against ornament began to come into serious question. "Architecture has, with some difficulty, liberated itself from ornament, but it has not liberated itself from the fear of ornament," John Summerson observed in 1941.[14] The very difference between ornament and structure is subtle and perhaps arbitrary. The pointed arches and flying buttresses of Gothic architecture are ornamental but structurally necessary; the colorful rhythmic bands of a Pietro Belluschi International Style skyscraper are integral, not applied, but certainly have ornamental effect. Furthermore, architectural ornament can serve the practical purpose of establishing scale, signaling entries, and aiding wayfinding, and these useful design tactics had been outlawed. And by the mid-1950s, modernist figureheads Le Corbusier and Marcel Breuer had been breaking their own rules by producing highly expressive, sculptural concrete work. The argument against ornament peaked in 1959 over discussions of the Seagram Building, where Mies van der Rohe installed a series of structurally unnecessary vertical I-beams on the outside of the building, and by 1984, when Philip Johnson produced his AT&T Building in Manhattan with an ornamental pink granite neo-Georgian pediment, the argument was effectively over. In retrospect, critics have seen the AT&T Building as the first Postmodernist building.[citation needed] See also Applied arts Work of art Bronze and brass ornamental work Brocade Typographic ornaments: Dingbats Notes Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ornaments.  Summerson, John (1941) printed in Heavenly Mansions 1963, p. 217  Tabbaa, 74-75  Rawson, 24-25; see also "“Style”—or whatever", J. Duncan Berry, A review of Problems of Style by Alois Riegl, The New Criterion, April 1993  Rawson, the subject of her book, see Preface, and Chapter 5 on Chinese influences on Persian art.  Rawson, throughout, but for quick reference: 23, 27, 32, 39–57, 75–77  Pompeii: Art, Industry and Infrastructure. Oxbow Books. 2011. ISBN 978-1-84217-984-0. JSTOR j.ctt1cfr84m.  Jones, Owen (2016-07-26). The Grammar of Ornament. Princeton University Press. doi:10.1515/9781400882717. ISBN 978-1-4008-8271-7.  Jones, Owen (2016-07-26). The Grammar of Ornament. Princeton University Press. doi:10.1515/9781400882717. ISBN 978-1-4008-8271-7.  The Center for Palladian Studies in America, Inc., "Palladio and his Books." Archived 2018-07-05 at the Wayback Machine  quoted by Summerson  Second Republic Exposition Archived 2006-02-12 at the Wayback Machine  Sankovitch, Anne-Marie (December 1, 1998). "Structure/ornament and the modern figuration of architecture". The Art Bulletin. The Art Bulletin. Archived from the original on November 7, 2007. Retrieved 2007-11-13.  James, Trilling (2001). The Language of Ornament. pp. 186–210. ISBN 0-500-20343-1.  "Slogans and Battlecries | Paul Shepheard | Architect | Writer". www.paulshepheard.com. Retrieved 2018-05-12. 19th-century compendiums of ornament Dolmetsch, Heinrich (1898). The Treasury of Ornament. (s:de:Heinrich Dolmetsch) Owen Jones (1856) The Grammar of Ornament. Meyer, Franz Sales, (1898), A Handbook of Ornament Speltz, Alexander (1915). The Coloured Ornament of All Historical Styles. References Lewis, Philippa; G. Darley (1986). Dictionary of Ornament. New York: Pantheon. ISBN 0-394-50931-5. Rawson, Jessica, Chinese Ornament: The lotus and the dragon, 1984, British Museum Publications, ISBN 0-7141-1431-6 Tabbaa, Yasser, The transformation of Islamic art during the Sunni revival, I.B.Tauris, 2002, ISBN 1-85043-392-5, ISBN 978-1-85043-392-7, google books James Trilling The Language of Ornament Peterson, Sara, Ornament and Pattern in Western Art: Renaissance and Mannerist; Baroque; Rococo; Neoclassical; Historicist and Traditional Historicism; 19th century Reform Movement; 20th century, Grove's Dictionary of Art, edited Jane Turner, 1996 vte Ornaments AcanthusAntefixArabesqueBall flowerBead and reelBlackamoorBranchworkBucraniumButaCartoucheChristmasCornucopiaCurlicueDentilDog-toothEgg-and-dartFestoonFoilGadrooningGarden/LawnGarland bearersGirihGrotesqueGuillochéGulHilarriHoodInterlaceLintelMargentMascaronMeanderMillefleurMoldingMoresquePalmettePlant BulbousGrassPeakPuer mingensPuttoRais-de-cœurRinceauRosetteScrollSpurStrapworkTrophy of armsVoluteZellige Borromean rings. vte Rooms and spaces of a house Shared rooms Bonus roomCommon roomDenDining roomFamily roomGarretGreat roomHome cinemaKitchen Dirty kitchenKitchenetteLiving roomGynaeceum HaremAndron Man caveRecreation room Billiard roomShrineStudySunroom Private rooms Bathroom toiletBedroom / Guest room closetBoudoirCabinetNursery Spaces AtriumBalconyBreezewayConversation pitCubby-holeDeckElevator DumbwaiterEntryway/GenkanFireplace hearthFoyerHallHallwayInglenookLanaiLoftLoggiaOverhangPatioPorch screenedsleepingRampSecret passageStairsTerraceVerandaVestibule Utility and storage AtticBasementCarportCloakroomClosetCrawl spaceElectrical roomEquipment roomFurnace room / Boiler roomGarageJanitorial closetLarderLaundry room / Utility roomMechanical room / floorPantryRoot cellarSemi-basementStorm cellar / Safe roomStudioWardrobeWine cellarWiring closetWorkshop Great house areas AntechamberBallroomKitchen-related Butler's pantryButterySauceryScullerySpiceryStill roomConservatory / OrangeryCourtyardDrawing roomGreat chamberGreat hallLibraryLong galleryLumber roomParlourSaunaServants' hallServants' quartersSmoking roomSolarState roomSwimming poolTurretUndercroft Other FurnitureHidden roomHouse House planstylestypesMulti-family residentialSecondary suiteDetachedSemi-detachedStudio apartmentDuplexTerraced Architectural elements ArchBalusterBelt courseBressummerCeilingChimneyColonnade / PorticoColumnCornice / EavesDomeDoorEllFloorFoundationGableGateLightingOrnamentPlumbingQuoinsRoofStyle ListVaultWallWindow Related BackyardDrivewayFront yardGardenHomeHome improvementHome repairShedTree house icon Architecture portal Housing portal Category: Rooms Authority control Edit this at Wikidata National libraries Figurine Chinese porcelain blanc de Chine figure of Guanyin, Ming dynasty A figurine (a diminutive form of the word figure) or statuette is a small, three-dimensional sculpture that represents a human, deity or animal, or, in practice, a pair or small group of them. Figurines have been made in many media, with clay, metal, wood, glass, and today plastic or resin the most significant. Ceramic figurines not made of porcelain are called terracottas in historical contexts. Figures with movable parts, allowing limbs to be posed, are more likely to be called dolls, mannequins, or action figures; or robots or automata, if they can move on their own. Figurines and miniatures are sometimes used in board games, such as chess, and tabletop role playing games. The main difference between a figurine and a statue is size. There is no agreed limit, but typically objects are called "figurines" up to a height of perhaps two feet (60 cm), though most types are less than one foot (30 cm) high. Prehistoric Venus of Willendorf figurine In China, there are extant Neolithic figurines.[1] European prehistoric figurines of women, some appearing pregnant, are called Venus figurines, because of their presumed connection to fertility. The two oldest known examples are made of stone, were found in Africa and Asia,[citation needed] and are several hundred thousand years old. Many made of fired clay have been found in Europe that date to 25–30,000 BC, and are the oldest ceramics known. Olmec figurines in semi-precious stones and pottery had a wide influence all over Mesoamerica about 1000–500 BC, and were apparently usually kept in houses. These early figurines are among the first signs of human culture. One cannot know in some cases how they were used. They probably had religious or ceremonial significance and may have been used in many types of rituals. Many are found in burials. Some may have been worn as jewelry or intended to amuse children. History Dancing Tanagra figurine, Hellenistic terracotta, 2nd-century BC Porcelain and other ceramics are common materials for figurines. Ancient Greek terracotta figurines, made in moulds, were a large industry by the Hellenistic period, and ones in bronze also very common. In Roman art bronze came to predominate. Most of these were religious, and deposited in large numbers in temples as votives, or kept in the home and sometimes buried with their owner. But types such as Tanagra figurines included many purely decorative subjects, such as fashionable ladies. There are many early examples from China, mainly religious figures in Dehua porcelain, which drove the experimentation in Europe to replicate the process. The first European porcelain figurines, were produced in Meissen porcelain, initially in a plain glazed white, but soon brightly painted in overglaze "enamels", and were soon produced by nearly all European porcelain factories. The initial function of these seems to have been as permanent versions of sugar sculptures which were used to decorate tables on special occasions by European elites, but they soon found a place on mantelpieces and side tables. There was already some production of earthenware figures in English delftware and stoneware, for example by John Dwight of the Fulham Pottery in London, and after 1720 such figures became more popular. By around 1750 pottery figures were being produced in large numbers all over Europe. Staffordshire figures were cheaper versions in earthenware, and by the late 19th century especially noted for Staffordshire dog figurines. Genre figurines of gallant scenes, beggars or figurines of saints are carved from pinewood in Val Gardena, South Tyrol (Italy), since the 17th century. Significant types: Ushabti - Ancient Egypt, mostly placed in tombs Olmec figurine Psi and phi type figurine - Mycenaean Greece Euphrates Syrian Pillar Figurines and Horses and Riders - Iron Age Tanagra figurines - Hellenistic Greece Tang dynasty tomb figures - China, c. 620-755 Mississippian stone statuary - c. 800-1600 Staffordshire figures - England, 1720 to present Santons - Provence, France, 18th century to present Animal figurines Model figure Modern era Modern figurines, particularly those made of plastic, are often referred to as figures. They can encompass modern action figures and other model figures as well as Precious Moments figurines and Hummel figurines, Bobbleheads, Sebastian Miniatures and other kinds of memorabilia. Some companies which produce porcelain figurines are Royal Doulton, Lladró and Camal Enterprises.[2] Figurines of comic book or sci-fi/fantasy characters without movable parts have been referred to by the terms inaction figures (originally used to describe Kevin Smith's View Askew figurines) and staction figures (a portmanteau of statue and action figures coined by Four Horsemen artists to describe Masters of the Universe figures). Also Amiibo is a line of plastic figurines with NFC tags embedded to its base that can be used in order to interact with certain videogames for Nintendo consoles. There is also a hobby known as mini war gaming in which players use figurines (for example toy soldiers) in table top based games. These figurines are mostly made of plastic and pewter. However, some premium models are made of resin. Figurines can also represent racial and ethnic slurs, for example, Jew with a coin figurines, and Mammy figurines. Gallery For more images related for "Figurine", see Category:Figurines on Commons Minoan praying woman in bronze, 16th century BC Minoan praying woman in bronze, 16th century BC   Figurine from the Mixtec culture Figurine from the Mixtec culture   The twelve Chinese zodiac figurines The twelve Chinese zodiac figurines   18th century Saint John Baptist pinewood polychrome figurine 18th century Saint John Baptist pinewood polychrome figurine   Franz Anton Bustelli, German porcelain group Franz Anton Bustelli, German porcelain group   Porcelain painter, Royal Copenhagen Porcelain painter, Royal Copenhagen   Hummel figurine Hummel figurine   Fallen Astronaut, Moon Fallen Astronaut, Moon   A Musketeer figurine A Musketeer figurine   Mammy figurines in the collection of the Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia Mammy figurines in the collection of the Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia   A Lladró Fisher Boy porcelain figurine A Lladró Fisher Boy porcelain figurine References  Li Liu, The Chinese Neolithic: Trajectories to Early States, 2004, Cambridge University Press, 328 pages ISBN 0-521-81184-8  "New range of 'gypsy wedding' figurines launched by Camal Enterprises". The Sentinel. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
  • Condition: Usado
  • Condition: In Very Good Condition considering it is over 100 years old
  • Brand: Turtle
  • Animal Class: Tortoise/Turtle
  • Manufacturer: Unknown
  • Material: Metal
  • Item Type: Ornament/ Figurine
  • Mounted/ Unmounted: Unmounted
  • Country/Region of Manufacture: United Kingdom

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