Reloj de bolsillo con esfera solar cadena de brújula de latón antiguo oro brillo caja de madera Reino Unido

EUR 99,09 ¡Cómpralo ya! o Mejor oferta, EUR 28,30 Envío, 30-Día Devoluciones, Garantía al cliente de eBay
Vendedor: lasvegasormonaco ✉️ (3.187) 99.7%, Ubicación del artículo: Manchester, Take a look at my other items, GB, Realiza envíos a: WORLDWIDE, Número de artículo: 266672454151 Reloj de bolsillo con esfera solar cadena de brújula de latón antiguo oro brillo caja de madera Reino Unido. Westfahl, Gary; Slusser, George; Leiby, David (2002). ISBN 978-0-313-31706-4. Misra, Ria (May 19, 2014). Retrieved Jul 28, 2020. You can help by adding to it. (August 2020). From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Sundial Pocket Watch With Wooden Gift Box This is a Brass with Golden Lustre Sun Dial Pocket Watch with Chain it come with wooden box The Sun Dial lifts up and so does an angle measure The front lifts up to show the compass below The Dimensions of Sundial are 8cm (diameter) x 6cm high with sun dial it weighs just over 1760 grams The Box dimensions are 10cm x 10 cm x 5cm and it weighs 1718 grams Sorry about the poor quality photos. They dont do the watch justice which looks a lot better in real life Would make an Excellent Present or Collectable Keepsake souvenir    A wonderful item for anyone who loves antiques  It would be a super addition to any collection, excellent display, practical piece or authentic period prop. In Very good  condition  for its age Comes from a pet and smoke free home Sorry about the poor quality photos.  They don't  do the pocket watch justice which looks a lot better in real life Like all my Auctions Bidding starts a a penny with no reserve... if your the only bidder you win it for 1p...Grab a Bargain! Click Here to Check out my Other Antique Items & Soins Bid with Confidence - Check My 100% Positive Feedback from over 1,000 Satisfied Customers I have over 10 years of Ebay Selling Experience - So Why Not Treat Yourself? I have got married recently and need to raise funds to meet the costs also we are planning to move into a house together  I always combined postage on multiple items Instant Feedback Automatically Left Immediately after Receiving Payment All Items Sent out within 24 hours of Receiving Payment.

Overseas Bidders Please Note Surface Mail Delivery Times >

Western Europe takes up to 2 weeks, 

Eastern Europe up to 5 weeks, 

North America up to 6 weeks, 

South America, Africa and Asia up to 8 weeks and 

Australasia up to 12 weeks

Thanks for Looking and Best of Luck with the Bidding!!

Also if bidding from overseas and you want your item tracked please select the International Signed for Postage Option For that Interesting Conversational Piece, A Birthday Present, Christmas Gift, A Comical Item to Cheer Someone Up or That Unique Perfect Gift for the Person Who has Everything....You Know Where to Look for a Bargain!

XXXX - DO NOT CLICK HERE - XXXX  

Click Here to Add me to Your List of Favourite Sellers

If You Have any Questions Please Message me through ebay and  I Will Reply ASAP

"A Thing of Beauty is a Joy for ever"

So go ahead and treat yourself! With my free returns there is no risk!

Thanks for Looking and Hope to deal soon :)

I have sold items to coutries such as Afghanistan * Albania * Algeria * American Samoa (US) * Andorra * Angola * Anguilla (GB) * Antigua and Barbuda * Argentina * Armenia * Aruba (NL) * Australia * Austria * Azerbaijan * Bahamas * Bahrain * Bangladesh * Barbados * Belarus * Belgium * Belize * Benin * Bermuda (GB) * Bhutan * Bolivia * Bonaire (NL)  * Bosnia and Herzegovina * Botswana * Bouvet Island (NO) * Brazil * British Indian Ocean Territory (GB) * British Virgin Islands (GB) * Brunei * Bulgaria * Burkina Faso * Burundi * Cambodia * Cameroon * Canada * Cape Verde * Cayman Islands (GB) * Central African Republic * Chad * Chile * China * Christmas Island (AU) * Cocos Islands (AU) * Colombia * Comoros * Congo * Democratic Republic of the Congo * Cook Islands (NZ) * Coral Sea Islands Territory (AU) * Costa Rica * Croatia  * Curaçao (NL)  * Cyprus * Czech Republic * Denmark * Djibouti * Dominica * Dominican Republic * East Timor * Ecuador * Egypt * El Salvador * Equatorial Guinea * Eritrea * Estonia * Ethiopia * Falkland Islands (GB) * Faroe Islands (DK) * Fiji Islands * Finland * France * French Guiana (FR) * French Polynesia (FR) * French Southern Lands (FR) * Gabon * Gambia * Georgia * Germany * Ghana * Gibraltar (GB) * Greece * Greenland (DK) * Grenada * Guadeloupe (FR) * Guam (US) * Guatemala * Guernsey (GB) * Guinea * Guinea-Bissau * Guyana * Haiti * Heard and McDonald Islands (AU) * Honduras * Hong Kong (CN) * Hungary * Iceland * India * Indonesia  * Iraq * Ireland * Isle of Man (GB) * Israel * Italy * Ivory Coast * Jamaica * Jan Mayen (NO) * Japan * Jersey (GB) * Jordan * Kazakhstan * Kenya * Kiribati * Kosovo * Kuwait * Kyrgyzstan * Laos * Latvia * Lebanon * Lesotho * Liberia * Libya * Liechtenstein * Lithuania * Luxembourg * Macau (CN) * Macedonia * Madagascar * Malawi * Malaysia * Maldives * Mali * Malta * Marshall Islands * Martinique (FR) * Mauritania * Mauritius * Mayotte (FR) * Mexico * Micronesia * Moldova * Monaco * Mongolia * Montenegro * Montserrat (GB) * Morocco * Mozambique * Myanmar * Namibia * Nauru * Navassa (US) * Nepal * Netherlands * New Caledonia (FR) * New Zealand * Nicaragua * Niger * Nigeria * Niue (NZ) * Norfolk Island (AU) *  Korea * Northern Cyprus * Northern Mariana Islands (US) * Norway * Oman * Pakistan * Palau * Palestinian Authority * Panama * Papua New Guinea * Paraguay * Peru * Philippines * Pitcairn Island (GB) * Poland * Portugal * Puerto Rico (US) * Qatar * Reunion (FR) * Romania * Russia * Rwanda * Saba (NL)  * Saint Barthelemy (FR) * Saint Helena (GB) * Saint Kitts and Nevis * Saint Lucia * Saint Martin (FR) * Saint Pierre and Miquelon (FR) * Saint Vincent and the Grenadines * Samoa * San Marino * Sao Tome and Principe * Saudi Arabia * Senegal * Serbia * Seychelles * Sierra Leone * Singapore * Sint Eustatius (NL)  * Sint Maarten (NL)  * Slovakia * Slovenia * Solomon Islands * Somalia * South Africa * South Georgia (GB) * South Korea * South Sudan * Spain * Sri Lanka * Sudan * Suriname * Svalbard (NO) * Swaziland * Sweden * Switzerland ** Taiwan * Tajikistan * Tanzania * Thailand * Togo * Tokelau (NZ) * Tonga * Trinidad and Tobago * Tunisia * Turkey * Turkmenistan * Turks and Caicos Islands (GB) * Tuvalu * U.S. Minor Pacific Islands (US) * U.S. Virgin Islands (US) * Uganda * Ukraine * United Arab Emirates * United Kingdom * United States * Uruguay * Uzbekistan * Vanuatu * Vatican City * Venezuela * Vietnam * Wallis and Futuna (FR) * Yemen * Zambia * Zimbabwe and major cities such as Tokyo, Yokohama, New York City, Sao Paulo, Seoul, Mexico City, Osaka, Kobe, Kyoto, Manila, Mumbai, Delhi, Jakarta, Lagos, Kolkata, Cairo, Los Angeles, Buenos Aires, Rio de Janeiro, Moscow, Shanghai, Karachi, Paris, Istanbul, Nagoya, Beijing, Chicago, London, Shenzhen, Essen, Düsseldorf, Tehran, Bogota, Lima, Bangkok, Johannesburg, East Rand, Chennai, Taipei, Baghdad, Santiago, Bangalore, Hyderabad, St Petersburg, Philadelphia, Lahore, Kinshasa, Miami, Ho Chi Minh City, Madrid, Tianjin, Kuala Lumpur, Toronto, Milan, Shenyang, Dallas, Fort Worth, Boston, Belo Horizonte, Khartoum, Riyadh, Singapore, Washington, Detroit, Barcelona,, Houston, Athens, Berlin, Sydney, Atlanta, Guadalajara, San Francisco, Oakland, Montreal, Monterey, Melbourne, Ankara, Recife, Phoenix/Mesa, Durban, Porto Alegre, Dalian, Jeddah, Seattle, Cape Town, San Diego, Fortaleza, Curitiba, Rome, Naples, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Tel Aviv, Birmingham, Frankfurt, Lisbon, Manchester, San Juan, Katowice, Tashkent, Fukuoka, Baku, Sumqayit, St. Louis, Baltimore, Sapporo, Tampa, St. Petersburg, Taichung, Warsaw, Denver, Cologne, Bonn, Hamburg, Dubai, Pretoria, Vancouver, Beirut, Budapest, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Campinas, Harare, Brasilia, Kuwait, Munich, Portland, Brussels, Vienna, San Jose, Damman , Copenhagen, Brisbane, Riverside, San Bernardino, Cincinnati and Accra

sundial, the earliest type of timekeeping device, which indicates the time of day by the position of the shadow of some object exposed to the sun’s rays. As the day progresses, the sun moves across the sky, causing the shadow of the object to move and indicating the passage of time. sundial sundial Animation of a sundial. Before clocks were invented, people generally relied on the passage of the sun through the sky to tell time. One of the most important early devices for telling time was the sundial. Click on the arrow in the illustration to see an animation of how the sun's position in the sky was used to mark the daylight hours. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. The first device for indicating the time of day was probably the gnomon, dating from about 3500 BCE. It consisted of a vertical stick or pillar, and the length of the shadow it cast gave an indication of the time of day. By the 8th century BCE more-precise devices were in use. The earliest known sundial still preserved is an Egyptian shadow clock of green schist dating at least from this period. The shadow clock consists of a straight base with a raised crosspiece at one end. The base, on which is inscribed a scale of six time divisions, is placed in an east-west direction with the crosspiece at the east end in the morning and at the west end in the afternoon. The shadow of the crosspiece on this base indicates the time. Clocks of this kind were still in use in modern times in parts of Egypt. Roman numerals of the hours on sundial (ancient clock; timepiece; sun dial; shadow clock) The fascinating history and evolution of the wristwatch For many of us, a wristwatch is part of our daily wardrobe. Waking up and strapping on our watches has become second nature, yet this fascinating piece of tech should never be taken for granted. Wristwatches have an intriguing beginning and have undergone a range of practical and stylish evolutions over the years. To understand its origin is to appreciate the beauty of the wristwatch even more. When were watches invented? The concept of measuring time stretches way back to the Egyptians, over 5,000 years ago. The civilisation relied on the sun for these early clocks, using sundials to determine the time. While today’s time tellers are much more advanced, the circular design of the Egyptian sundials has helped shape the appearance of modern watches. The first watches to work without the help of the sun were known as water clocks. Later came the hourglass and the wheel clock, in the 14th century. While large clocks were visible to the ordinary population on church towers and in marketplaces, it wasn’t until the 15th century that the watchmaking profession really started ticking along thanks to the introduction of the spiral spring. Balance, and the discovery of the spiral spring, made the construction of more precise watches possible. The coil spring replaced the large pendulum used in the past, paving the way for smaller, more compact watches. In 1673, Christiaan Huygens created a watch that utilised the spiral spring and balance, which was both small in size and portable. When were wristwatches invented? The first wristwatch is thought to have been invented in 1812 by Abraham-Louis Breguet, who produced a wristwatch for Napoleon’s sister, Queen Caroline Murat. A small timepiece was attached to the wrist with a strap. Prior to this, most men carried their watches on a chain attached to their back pocket, while women often wore it around their necks. After Breguet’s creation – and thanks to the Queen’s popularisation – wristwatches slowly became a part of everyday society. By the end of the 19th century, wristwatches were a part of many women’s accessories collections. To feminise them further, some had taken to attaching them to chains or ribbons, making them look like jewels. When did wristwatches become popular? Detail closeup of black wristwatch with compass It wasn’t until the 20th century that both men and women began wearing wristwatches. Up until this point, most men still preferred pocket watches – they had dramatically advanced over the years and had improved in accuracy. The practicality of the pocket watch came into question alongside the advancement of other technologies. In 1904, Louis Cartier developed the first men’s wristwatch. His friend, flying legend Alberto Santos Dumont, had expressed a desire to continue flying his plane with both hands while also keeping an eye on the time, something he was unable to do with a pocket watch. Cartier created the Cartier Santos for him, still a central part of the series today. Shortly after, the outbreak of the First World War further highlighted instances where hands-free tasks and timekeeping were vital. Even today, many watch series is clearly derived from a military perspective, equipped with things like navigation tools, readability in low light conditions, or scratch-resistance glass. However, wristwatches were by no means reserved for military use, and quickly became admired by and popular among the civilian population. In the 1920s, the first automatic, self-winding watch was developed. The success of the wristwatch was catapulted further by Rolex in 1926 when it released its waterproof Oyster case. To prove its waterproof capabilities, Rolex equipped swimmer Mercedes Gleitze with a Rolex as she tried to cross the English Channel. While the record attempt failed, the watch survived without damage. The rise of quartz watches Shortly after in the 1930s, the first electric-powered watches using quartz technology were developed. However, they were expensive, bulky, and often only produced for scientific use. That all changed with the breakthrough of semiconductor technology. Manufacturers including Seiko, Patek Philippe, and Junghans introduced their battery-powered table clocks. Later, the development of integrated circuits for divider stages allowed this to propel further – Japan especially developed a range of electric-powered watches that were much more accessible for the masses. These electric powered wristwatches also excelled mechanical watches in terms of accuracy and affordability. In 1969, the Seiko Astron was the first electric-powered wristwatch that was available for sale in stores. Quartz watches meant fewer parts, which meant they were less expensive for both manufacturers and buyers and could be produced in larger quantities. Traditional mechanical companies, including Rolex, suffered greatly against the quartz boom, with many filing for bankruptcy. The comeback of the mechanical watch Skeleton wrist watch with black clock face, macro photo. It is a mechanical watch type in which all of the moving parts are visible Thankfully, the mechanical watch market recovered in the 1980s. Mechanical watches were easier to understand and actually appealed to certain clientele by sitting at the higher price segment. ‘Swiss made’ regained its relevance as quality assurance, and largely dominated the watch market. When it came to mechanical watches, craftmanship became respected once again. Modern wristwatches Nowadays, the best wristwatches are seen across multiple price segments and contain varying functionalities. Luxury watches, renowned for their quality craftsmanship and use of exclusive materials, often withstand several generations and are a great investment. They also come with a distinct emotional value and, with appropriate treatment, only increase in value. Saying this, there are also exceptional wristwatches in the lower price segments that offer practical functions and durability. Many people often collect an array of watches from multiple brands, diversifying their collection depending on personal needs and style.  Excellence and quality are the two major attributes when it comes to wristwatches at Robert Gatward Jewellers. Our impressive collection of men’s and women’s watches brings together some of the best-known watch brands in the world, combined with famed design houses. Steampunk Original illustration of Jules Verne's Nautilus engine room black and white drawing of small house of complex design raised above the surrounding buildings on a turntable "Maison tournante aérienne" (aerial rotating house) by Albert Robida for his book Le Vingtième Siècle, a 19th-century conception of life in the 20th century Steampunk is a subgenre of science fiction that incorporates retrofuturistic technology and aesthetics inspired by 19th-century industrial steam-powered machinery.[1][2][3] Steampunk works are often set in an alternative history of the Victorian era or the American "Wild West", where steam power remains in mainstream use, or in a fantasy world that similarly employs steam power. Steampunk most recognizably features anachronistic technologies or retrofuturistic inventions as people in the 19th century might have envisioned them — distinguishing it from Neo-Victorianism[4] — and is likewise rooted in the era's perspective on fashion, culture, architectural style, and art.[5] Such technologies may include fictional machines like those found in the works of H. G. Wells and Jules Verne.[6] Other examples of steampunk contain alternative-history-style presentations of such technology as steam cannons, lighter-than-air airships, analog computers, or such digital mechanical computers as Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine.[7][8] Steampunk may also incorporate additional elements from the genres of fantasy, horror, historical fiction, alternate history, or other branches of speculative fiction, making it often a hybrid genre.[9] As a form of speculative fiction, it explores alternative futures or pasts but can also address real-world social issues.[10] The first known appearance of the term steampunk was in 1987, though it now retroactively refers to many works of fiction created as far back as the 1950s or earlier[11] A popular subgenre is Japanese steampunk, consisting of steampunk-themed manga and anime,[12] with steampunk elements having appeared in mainstream manga since the 1940s.[13] Steampunk also refers to any of the artistic styles, clothing fashions, or subcultures that have developed from the aesthetics of steampunk fiction, Victorian-era fiction, art nouveau design, and films from the mid-20th century.[14] Various modern utilitarian objects have been modded by individual artisans into a pseudo-Victorian mechanical "steampunk" style, and a number of visual and musical artists have been described as steampunk.[15] History Precursors Print (c. 1902) by Albert Robida showing a futuristic view of air travel over Paris in the year 2000 as people leave the opera Steampunk is influenced by and often adopts the style of the 19th-century scientific romances of Jules Verne, H. G. Wells, Mary Shelley, and Edward S. Ellis's The Steam Man of the Prairies.[16] Several more modern works of art and fiction significant to the development of the genre were produced before the genre had a name. Titus Alone (1959), by Mervyn Peake, is widely regarded by scholars as the first novel in the genre proper,[17][18][19] while others point to Michael Moorcock's 1971 novel The Warlord of the Air,[20][21][22] which was heavily influenced by Peake's work. The film Brazil (1985) was an early cinematic influence, although it can also be considered a precursor to the steampunk offshoot dieselpunk.[23] The Adventures of Luther Arkwright was an early (1970s) comic version of the Moorcock-style mover between timestreams.[24][25] In fine art, Remedios Varo's paintings combine elements of Victorian dress, fantasy, and technofantasy imagery.[26][page needed] In television, one of the earliest manifestations of the steampunk ethos in the mainstream media was the CBS television series The Wild Wild West (1965–69), which inspired the later film.[16][8] Origin of the term Although many works now considered seminal to the genre were published in the 1960s and 1970s, the term steampunk originated largely in the 1980s[27] as a tongue-in-cheek variant of cyberpunk. It was coined by science fiction author K. W. Jeter,[28] who was trying to find a general term for works by Tim Powers (The Anubis Gates, 1983), James Blaylock (Homunculus, 1986), and himself (Morlock Night, 1979, and Infernal Devices, 1987) — all of which took place in a 19th-century (usually Victorian) setting and imitated conventions of such actual Victorian speculative fiction as H. G. Wells' The Time Machine. In a letter to science fiction magazine Locus,[27] printed in the April 1987 issue, Jeter wrote: Dear Locus, Enclosed is a copy of my 1979 novel Morlock Night; I'd appreciate your being so good as to route it to Faren Miller, as it's a prime piece of evidence in the great debate as to who in "the Powers/Blaylock/Jeter fantasy triumvirate" was writing in the "gonzo-historical manner" first. Though of course, I did find her review in the March Locus to be quite flattering. Personally, I think Victorian fantasies are going to be the next big thing, as long as we can come up with a fitting collective term for Powers, Blaylock and myself. Something based on the appropriate technology of the era; like "steam-punks," perhaps.... — K.W. Jeter[29][30] Modern steampunk This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (November 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) While Jeter's Morlock Night and Infernal Devices, Powers' The Anubis Gates, and Blaylock's Lord Kelvin's Machine were the first novels to which Jeter's neologism would be applied, the three authors gave the term little thought at the time.[7]: 48  They were far from the first modern science fiction writers to speculate on the development of steam-based technology or alternative histories. Keith Laumer's Worlds of the Imperium (1962) and Ronald W. Clark's Queen Victoria's Bomb (1967) apply modern speculation to past-age technology and society.[31][page needed] Michael Moorcock's Warlord of the Air (1971)[22] is another early example. Harry Harrison's novel A Transatlantic Tunnel, Hurrah! (1973) portrays Britain in an alternative 1973, full of atomic locomotives, coal-powered flying boats, ornate submarines, and Victorian dialogue. The Adventures of Luther Arkwright (mid-1970s) was one of the first steampunk comics.[citation needed] In February 1980, Richard A. Lupoff and Steve Stiles published the first "chapter" of their 10-part comic strip The Adventures of Professor Thintwhistle and His Incredible Aether Flyer.[32] In 2004, one anonymous author described steampunk as "Colonizing the Past so we can dream the future."[33] The first use of the word "steampunk" in a title was in Paul Di Filippo's 1995 Steampunk Trilogy,[22] consisting of three short novels: "Victoria", "Hottentots", and "Walt and Emily", which, respectively, imagine the replacement of Queen Victoria by a human/newt clone, an invasion of Massachusetts by Lovecraftian monsters, and a love affair between Walt Whitman and Emily Dickinson. Japanese steampunk See also: Japanese cyberpunk Japanese steampunk consists of steampunk manga comics and anime productions from Japan.[12] Steampunk elements have consistently appeared in mainstream manga since the 1940s, dating back to Osamu Tezuka's epic science-fiction trilogy consisting of Lost World (1948), Metropolis (1949) and Nextworld (1951). The steampunk elements found in manga eventually made their way into mainstream anime productions starting in the 1970s, including television shows such as Leiji Matsumoto's Space Battleship Yamato (1974) and the 1979 anime adaptation of Riyoko Ikeda's manga Rose of Versailles (1972). Influenced by 19th-century European authors such as Jules Verne, steampunk anime and manga arose from a Japanese fascination with an imaginary fantastical version of old Industrial Europe, linked to a phenomenon called akogare no Pari ("the Paris of our dreams"), comparable to the West's fascination with an "exotic" East.[13] The most influential steampunk animator was Hayao Miyazaki, who was creating steampunk anime since the 1970s, starting with the television show Future Boy Conan (1978).[13] His manga Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind (1982) and its 1984 anime film adaptation also contained steampunk elements. Miyazaki's most influential steampunk production was the Studio Ghibli anime film Laputa: Castle in the Sky (1986), which became a major milestone in the genre and has been described by The Steampunk Bible as "one of the first modern steampunk classics."[34] Archetypal steampunk elements in Laputa include airships, air pirates, steam-powered robots, and a view of steam power as a limitless but potentially dangerous source of power.[13] The success of Laputa inspired Hideaki Anno and Studio Gainax to create their first hit production, Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water (1990), a steampunk anime show which loosely adapts elements from Verne's Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea, with Captain Nemo making an appearance.[13] Based on a concept by Miyazaki, Nadia was influential on later steampunk anime such as Katsuhiro Otomo's anime film Steamboy (2004).[35] Disney's animated steampunk film Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001)[16] was influenced by anime, particularly Miyazaki's works and possibly Nadia.[36][37] Other popular Japanese steampunk works include Miyazaki's Studio Ghibli anime films Porco Rosso (1992)[12] and Howl's Moving Castle (2004),[13] Sega's video game and anime franchise Sakura Wars (1996) which is set in a steampunk version of Meiji/Taishō era Japan,[13] and Square Enix's manga and anime franchise Fullmetal Alchemist (2001).[12] Relationships to retrofuturism, DIY craft and making Truth Coffee, a steampunk café in Cape Town Steampunk used to be confused with retrofuturism.[38] Indeed, both sensibilities recall "the older but still modern eras in which technological change seemed to anticipate a better world, one remembered as relatively innocent of industrial decline." For some scholars, retrofuturism is considered a strand of steampunk, one that looks at alternatives to historical imagination and usually created with the same kinds of social protagonists and written for the same type of audiences.[39] One of steampunk's most significant contributions is the way in which it mixes digital media with traditional handmade art forms. As scholars Rachel Bowser and Brian Croxall put it, "the tinkering and tinker-able technologies within steampunk invite us to roll up our sleeves and get to work re-shaping our contemporary world."[40] In this respect, steampunk bears more in common with DIY craft and making.[41] Art, entertainment, and media See also: List of steampunk works This section appears to contain trivial, minor, or unrelated references to popular culture. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture, providing citations to reliable, secondary sources, rather than simply listing appearances. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2017) Art and design Aura Crystall Instrument – 1987 – by Marc van den Broek Many of the visualisations of steampunk have their origins with, among others, Walt Disney's film 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954),[42] including the design of the story's submarine the Nautilus, its interiors, and the crew's underwater gear; and George Pal's film The Time Machine (1960), especially the design of the time machine itself. This theme is also carried over to Six Flags Magic Mountain and Disney parks, in the themed area the "Screampunk District" at Six Flags Magic Mountain and in the designs of The Mysterious Island section of Tokyo DisneySea theme park and Disneyland Paris' Discoveryland area.[citation needed] Aspects of steampunk design emphasise a balance between form and function.[43] In this it is like the Arts and Crafts Movement. But John Ruskin, William Morris, and the other reformers in the late nineteenth century rejected machines and industrial production. On the other hand, steampunk enthusiasts present a "non-luddite critique of technology".[44] Various modern utilitarian objects have been modified by enthusiasts into a pseudo-Victorian mechanical "steampunk" style.[25][45] Examples include computer keyboards and electric guitars.[46] The goal of such redesigns is to employ appropriate materials (such as polished brass, iron, wood, and leather) with design elements and craftsmanship consistent with the Victorian era,[22][47] rejecting the aesthetic of industrial design.[43] Paris metro station "Arts et Métiers", designed in 1994 to honor the works of Jules Verne In 1994, the Paris Metro station at Arts et Métiers was redesigned by Belgian artist Francois Schuiten in steampunk style, to honor the works of Jules Verne. The station is reminiscent of a submarine, sheathed in brass with giant cogs in the ceiling and portholes that look out onto fanciful scenes.[48][49] The artist group Kinetic Steam Works[50] brought a working steam engine to the Burning Man festival in 2006 and 2007.[51] The group's founding member, Sean Orlando, created a Steampunk Tree House (in association with a group of people who would later form the Five Ton Crane Arts Group[52]) that has been displayed at a number of festivals.[53][54] The Steampunk Tree House is now permanently installed at the Dogfish Head Brewery in Milton, Delaware.[55] The Neverwas Haul is a three-story, self-propelled mobile art vehicle built to resemble a Victorian house on wheels. Designed by Shannon O’Hare, it was built by volunteers in 2006 and presented at the Burning Man festival from 2006 through 2015.[56] When fully built, the Haul propelled itself at a top speed of 5 miles per hour and required a crew of ten people to operate safely. Currently, the Neverwas Haul makes her home at Obtainium Works, an "art car factory" in Vallejo, CA, owned by O’Hare and home to several other self-styled "contraptionists".[57] In May–June 2008, multimedia artist and sculptor Paul St George exhibited outdoor interactive video installations linking London and Brooklyn, New York, in a Victorian era-styled telectroscope.[58][59] Utilizing this device, New York promoter Evelyn Kriete organised a transatlantic wave between steampunk enthusiasts from both cities,[60] prior to White Mischief's Around the World in 80 Days steampunk-themed event.[61] Tim Wetherell's Clockwork Universe sculpture at Questacon, Canberra, Australia (September 24, 2009) In 2009, for Questacon, artist Tim Wetherell created a large wall piece that represented the concept of the clockwork universe. This steel artwork contains moving gears, a working clock, and a movie of the moon's terminator in action. The 3D moon movie was created by Antony Williams.[62] Steampunk became a common descriptor for homemade objects sold on the craft network Etsy between 2009 and 2011,[63] though many of the objects and fashions bear little resemblance to earlier established descriptions of steampunk. Thus the craft network may not strike observers as "sufficiently steampunk" to warrant its use of the term. Comedian April Winchell, author of the book Regretsy: Where DIY meets WTF, cataloged some of the most egregious and humorous examples on her website "Regretsy".[64] The blog was popular among steampunks and even inspired a music video that went viral in the community and was acclaimed by steampunk "notables".[65] From October 2009 through February 2010, the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford, hosted the first major exhibition of steampunk art objects, curated and developed by New York artist and designer Art Donovan,[66] who also exhibited his own "electro-futuristic" lighting sculptures, and presented by Dr. Jim Bennett, museum director.[67] From redesigned practical items to fantastical contraptions, this exhibition showcased the work of eighteen steampunk artists from across the globe. The exhibition proved to be the most successful and highly attended in the museum's history and attracted more than eighty thousand visitors. The event was detailed in the official artist's journal The Art of Steampunk, by curator Donovan.[68] In November 2010, The Libratory Steampunk Art Gallery was opened by Damien McNamara in Oamaru, New Zealand. Created from papier-mâché to resemble a large cave and filled with industrial equipment from yesteryear, rayguns, and general steampunk quirks, its purpose is to provide a place for steampunkers in the region to display artwork for sale all year long. A year later, a more permanent gallery, Steampunk HQ, was opened in the former Meeks Grain Elevator Building across the road from The Woolstore, and has since become a notable tourist attraction for Oamaru.[69] In 2012, the Mobilis in Mobili: An Exhibition of Steampunk Art and Appliance made its debut. Originally located at New York City's Wooster Street Social Club (itself the subject of the television series NY Ink), the exhibit featured working steampunk tattoo systems designed by Bruce Rosenbaum, of ModVic and owner of the Steampunk House,[70] Joey "Dr. Grymm" Marsocci,[46] and Christopher Conte.[71] with different approaches.[42] "[B]icycles, cell phones, guitars, timepieces and entertainment systems"[71] rounded out the display.[46] The opening night exhibition featured a live performance by steampunk band Frenchy and the Punk.[72] The Nautilus steampunk-style still at The Oxford Artisan Distillery The stills at The Oxford Artisan Distillery are nicknamed "Nautilus" and "Nemo", named after the submarine and its captain in the Jules Verne 1870 science fiction novel Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas. They were built in copper by South Devon Railway Engineering using a steampunk style.[73] Fashion Main article: Steampunk fashion Text document with red question mark.svg Some of this section's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted. (November 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Author G. D. Falksen, wearing a steampunk-styled arm prosthesis (created by Thomas Willeford), exemplifying one take on steampunk fashion Steampunk fashion has no set guidelines but tends to synthesize modern styles with influences from the Victorian era. Such influences may include bustles, corsets, gowns, and petticoats; suits with waistcoats, coats, top hats[74] and bowler hats (themselves originating in 1850 England), tailcoats and spats; or military-inspired garments. Steampunk-influenced outfits are usually accented with several technological and "period" accessories: timepieces, parasols, flying/driving goggles,[75] and ray guns. Modern accessories like cell phones or music players can be found in steampunk outfits, after being modified to give them the appearance of Victorian-era objects. Post-apocalyptic elements, such as gas masks, ragged clothing, and tribal motifs, can also be included. Aspects of steampunk fashion have been anticipated by mainstream high fashion, the Lolita and aristocrat styles, neo-Victorianism, and the romantic goth subculture.[24][76][77] In 2005, Kate Lambert, known as "Kato", founded the first steampunk clothing company, "Steampunk Couture",[78] mixing Victorian and post-apocalyptic influences. In 2013, IBM predicted, based on an analysis of more than a half million public posts on message boards, blogs, social media sites, and news sources, "that 'steampunk,' a subgenre inspired by the clothing, technology and social mores of Victorian society, will be a major trend to bubble up and take hold of the retail industry".[79][80] Indeed, high fashion lines such as Prada,[81] Dolce & Gabbana, Versace, Chanel,[82] and Christian Dior[80] had already been introducing steampunk styles on the fashion runways. In episode 7 of Lifetime's Under the Gunn reality series, contestants were challenged to create avant-garde "steampunk chic" looks.[83] America's Next Top Model tackled steampunk fashion in a 2012 episode where models competed in a steampunk themed photo shoot, posing in front of a steam train while holding a live owl.[84][unreliable source] Literature The educational book Elementary BASIC – Learning to Program Your Computer in BASIC with Sherlock Holmes (1981), by Henry Singer and Andrew Ledgar, may have been the first fictional work to depict the use of Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine in an adventure story. The instructional book, aimed at young programming students, depicts Holmes using the engine as an aid in his investigations, and lists programs that perform simple data processing tasks required to solve the fictional cases. The book even describes a device that allows the engine to be used remotely, over telegraph lines, as a possible enhancement to Babbage's machine. Companion volumes—Elementary Pascal – Learning to Program Your Computer in Pascal with Sherlock Holmes and From Baker Street to Binary – An Introduction to Computers and Computer Programming with Sherlock Holmes—were also written. The August 1927 issue of Amazing Stories featuring work by H. G. Wells In 1988, the first version of the science fiction tabletop role-playing game Space: 1889 was published. The game is set in an alternative history in which certain now discredited Victorian scientific theories were probable and led to new technologies. Contributing authors included Frank Chadwick, Loren Wiseman, and Marcus Rowland.[85] William Gibson and Bruce Sterling's novel The Difference Engine (1990) is often credited with bringing about widespread awareness of steampunk.[8][86] This novel applies the principles of Gibson and Sterling's cyberpunk writings to an alternative Victorian era where Ada Lovelace and Charles Babbage's proposed steam-powered mechanical computer, which Babbage called a difference engine (a later, more general-purpose version was known as an Analytical Engine), was actually built, and led to the dawn of the information age more than a century "ahead of schedule". This setting was different from most steampunk settings in that it takes a dim and dark view of this future, rather than the more prevalent utopian versions. Nick Gevers's original anthology Extraordinary Engines (2008) features newer steampunk stories by some of the genre's writers, as well as other science fiction and fantasy writers experimenting with neo-Victorian conventions. A retrospective reprint anthology of steampunk fiction was released, also in 2008, by Tachyon Publications. Edited by Ann and Jeff VanderMeer and appropriately entitled Steampunk, it is a collection of stories by James Blaylock, whose "Narbondo" trilogy is typically considered steampunk; Jay Lake, author of the novel Mainspring, sometimes labeled "clockpunk";[87] the aforementioned Michael Moorcock; as well as Jess Nevins, known for his annotations to The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (first published in 1999). Younger readers have also been targeted by steampunk themes, by authors such as Philip Reeve and Scott Westerfeld.[88] Reeve's quartet Mortal Engines is set far in Earth's future where giant moving cities consume each other in a battle for resources, a concept Reeve coined as Municipal Darwinism. Westerfeld's Leviathan trilogy is set during an alternate First World War fought between the "clankers" (Central Powers), who use steam technology, and "darwinists" (Allied Powers), who use genetically engineered creatures instead of machines.[89] "Mash-ups" are also becoming increasingly popular in books aimed at younger readers, mixing steampunk with other genres. Suzanne Lazear's Aether Chronicles series mixes steampunk with faeries, and The Unnaturalists, by Tiffany Trent, combines steampunk with mythological creatures and alternate history.[90] While most of the original steampunk works had a historical setting,[citation needed] later works often place steampunk elements in a fantasy world with little relation to any specific historic era. Historical steampunk tends to be science fiction that presents an alternate history; it also contains real locales and persons from history with alternative fantasy technology. "Fantasy-world steampunk", such as China Miéville's Perdido Street Station, Alan Campbell's Scar Night, and Stephen Hunt's Jackelian novels, on the other hand, presents steampunk in a completely imaginary fantasy realm, often populated by legendary creatures coexisting with steam-era and other anachronistic technologies. However, the works of China Miéville and similar authors are sometimes referred to as belonging to the "New Weird" rather than steampunk.[citation needed] Self-described author of "far-fetched fiction" Robert Rankin has incorporated elements of steampunk into narrative worlds that are both Victorian and re-imagined contemporary. In 2009, he was made a Fellow of the Victorian Steampunk Society.[91] The comic book series Hellboy, created by Mike Mignola, and the two Hellboy films featuring Ron Perlman and directed by Guillermo del Toro, all have steampunk elements.[92] In the comic book and the first (2004) film, Karl Ruprecht Kroenen is a Nazi SS scientist who has an addiction to having himself surgically altered, and who has many mechanical prostheses, including a clockwork heart. The character Johann Krauss is featured in the comic and in the second film, Hellboy II: The Golden Army (2008), as an ectoplasmic medium (a gaseous form in a partly mechanical suit). This second film also features the Golden Army itself, which is a collection of 4,900 mechanical steampunk warriors. Steampunk settings Alternative world Steampunk-style composite apparatus Since the 1990s, the application of the steampunk label has expanded beyond works set in recognisable historical periods, to works set in fantasy worlds that rely heavily on steam- or spring-powered technology.[8] One of the earliest short stories relying on steam-powered flying machines is "The Aerial Burglar" of 1844.[93] An example from juvenile fiction is The Edge Chronicles by Paul Stewart and Chris Riddell. Fantasy steampunk settings abound in tabletop and computer role-playing games. Notable examples include Skies of Arcadia,[94] Rise of Nations: Rise of Legends,[95] and Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura.[16] One of the first steampunk novels set in a Middle-earth-like world was the Forest of Boland Light Railway by BB, about gnomes who build a steam locomotive. 50 years later, Terry Pratchett wrote the Discworld novel Raising Steam, about the ongoing industrial revolution and railway mania in Ankh-Morpork. The gnomes and goblins in World of Warcraft also have technological societies that could be described as steampunk,[96] as they are vastly ahead of the technologies of men, but still run on steam and mechanical power. The Dwarves of the Elder Scrolls series, described therein as a race of Elves called the Dwemer, also use steam-powered machinery, with gigantic brass-like gears, throughout their underground cities. However, magical means are used to keep ancient devices in motion despite the Dwemer's ancient disappearance.[97] The 1998 game Thief: The Dark Project, as well as the other sequels including its 2014 reboot, feature heavy steampunk-inspired architecture, setting, and technology. Amidst the historical and fantasy subgenres of steampunk is a type that takes place in a hypothetical future or a fantasy equivalent of our future involving the domination of steampunk-style technology and aesthetics. Examples include Jean-Pierre Jeunet and Marc Caro's The City of Lost Children (1995), Turn A Gundam (1999–2000), Trigun,[98] and Disney's film Treasure Planet (2002). In 2011, musician Thomas Dolby heralded his return to music after a 20-year hiatus with an online steampunk alternate fantasy world called the Floating City, to promote his album A Map of the Floating City.[16] American West Another setting is "Western" steampunk, which overlaps with both the Weird West and Science fiction Western subgenres. One of the earliest steampunk books set in America was The Steam Man of the Prairies by Edward S. Ellis. Recent examples include the TV show and the movie adaption Wild Wild West, the Italian comics about Magico Vento,[99] Devon Monk's Dead Iron,[100] and the Big Thunder Mountain Railroad in Disneyland-style Disney Parks around the world.[citation needed] Fantasy and horror See also: Cyberpunk derivatives Kaja Foglio introduced the term "Gaslight Romance",[7]: 78  gaslamp fantasy, which John Clute and John Grant define as "steampunk stories ... most commonly set in a romanticised, smoky, 19th-century London, as are Gaslight Romances. But the latter category focuses nostalgically on icons from the late years of that century and the early years of the 20th century—on Dracula, Jekyll and Hyde, Jack the Ripper, Sherlock Holmes and even Tarzan—and can normally be understood as combining supernatural fiction and recursive fantasy, though some gaslight romances can be read as fantasies of history."[9] Author/artist James Richardson-Brown[101] coined the term steamgoth to refer to steampunk expressions of fantasy and horror with a "darker" bent. Post-apocalyptic Mary Shelley's The Last Man, set near the end of the 21st century after a plague had brought down civilization, was probably the ancestor of post-apocalyptic steampunk literature. Post-apocalyptic steampunk is set in a world where some cataclysm has precipitated the fall of civilization and steam power is once again ascendant, such as in Hayao Miyazaki's post-apocalyptic anime Future Boy Conan (1978, loosely based on Alexander Key's The Incredible Tide (1970)),[98] where a war fought with superweapons has devastated the planet. Robert Brown's novel, The Wrath of Fate (as well as much of Abney Park's music) is set in a Victorianesque world where an apocalypse was set into motion by a time-traveling mishap. Cherie Priest's Boneshaker series is set in a world where a zombie apocalypse happened during the Civil War era. The Peshawar Lancers by S.M. Stirling is set in a post-apocalyptic future in which a meteor shower in 1878 caused the collapse of Industrialized civilization. The movie 9 (which might be better classified as "stitchpunk" but was largely influenced by steampunk)[102] is also set in a post-apocalyptic world after a self-aware war machine ran amok. Steampunk Magazine even published a book called A Steampunk's Guide to the Apocalypse, about how steampunks could survive should such a thing actually happen. Victorian The Nautilus as imagined by Jules Verne In general, this category includes any recent science fiction that takes place in a recognizable historical period (sometimes an alternate history version of an actual historical period) in which the Industrial Revolution has already begun, but electricity is not yet widespread, "usually Britain of the early to mid-nineteenth century or the fantasized Wild West-era United States",[103] with an emphasis on steam- or spring-propelled gadgets. The most common historical steampunk settings are the Victorian and Edwardian eras, though some in this "Victorian steampunk" category are set as early as the beginning of the Industrial Revolution and as late as the end of World War I. Some examples of this type include the novel The Difference Engine,[104] the comic book series League of Extraordinary Gentlemen, the Disney animated film Atlantis: The Lost Empire,[16] Scott Westerfeld's Leviathan trilogy,[105] and the roleplaying game Space: 1889.[16] The anime film Steamboy (2004) is another example of Victorian steampunk, taking place in an alternate 1866 where steam technology is far more advanced than reality.[106] Some, such as the comic series Girl Genius,[16] have their own unique times and places despite partaking heavily of the flavor of historic settings. Other comic series are set in a more familiar London, as in the Victorian Undead, which has Sherlock Holmes, Doctor Watson, and others taking on zombies, Doctor Jekyll and Mister Hyde, and Count Dracula, with advanced weapons and devices. Another example of this genre is the Tunnels novels by Roderick Gordon and Brian Williams. These are set in the modern day but with an underground Victorian world that is working to overthrow the world above. Detective graphic novel series Lady Mechanika is set in an alternative Victorian-like world. Karel Zeman's film The Fabulous World of Jules Verne (1958) is a very early example of cinematic steampunk. Based on Jules Verne novels, Zeman's film imagines a past that never was, based on those novels.[107] Other early examples of historical steampunk in cinema include Hayao Miyazaki's anime films such as Laputa: Castle in the Sky (1986) and Howl's Moving Castle (2004), which contain many archetypal anachronisms characteristic of the steampunk genre.[108][109] "Historical" steampunk usually leans more towards science fiction than fantasy, but a number of historical steampunk stories have incorporated magical elements as well. For example, Morlock Night, written by K. W. Jeter, revolves around an attempt by the wizard Merlin to raise King Arthur to save the Britain of 1892 from an invasion of Morlocks from the future.[8] Paul Guinan's Boilerplate, a "biography" of a robot in the late 19th century, began as a website that garnered international press coverage when people began believing that Photoshop images of the robot with historic personages were real.[110] The site was adapted into the illustrated hardbound book Boilerplate: History's Mechanical Marvel, which was published by Abrams in October 2009.[111] Because the story was not set in an alternative history, and in fact contained accurate information about the Victorian era,[112] some[specify] booksellers referred to the tome as "historical steampunk". Asian (silkpunk) Fictional settings inspired by Asian rather than Western history have been called "silkpunk". The term appears to originate with the author Ken Liu, who defined it as "a blend of science fiction and fantasy [that] draws inspiration from classical East Asian antiquity", with a "technology vocabulary (...) based on organic materials historically important to East Asia (bamboo, paper, silk) and seafaring cultures of the Pacific (coconut, feathers, coral)", rather than the brass and leather associated with steampunk. Liu used the term to describe his Dandelion Dynasty series, which began in 2015.[113] Other works described as silkpunk include Neon Yang's Tensorate series of novellas, which began in 2017.[114] Lyndsie Manusos of Book Riot has argued that the genre does "not fit in a direct analogy with steampunk. Silkpunk is technology and poetics. It is engineering and language."[115] Music Robert Brown and Finn Von Claret from Abney Park Steampunk music is very broadly defined. Abney Park's lead singer Robert Brown defined it as "mixing Victorian elements and modern elements". There is a broad range of musical influences that make up the Steampunk sound, from industrial dance and world music[77] to folk rock, dark cabaret to straightforward punk,[116] Carnatic[117] to industrial, hip-hop to opera (and even industrial hip-hop opera),[118][119] darkwave to progressive rock, barbershop to big band. Joshua Pfeiffer (of Vernian Process) is quoted as saying, "As for Paul Roland, if anyone deserves credit for spearheading Steampunk music, it is him. He was one of the inspirations I had in starting my project. He was writing songs about the first attempt at manned flight, and an Edwardian airship raid in the mid-80s long before almost anyone else ..."[120] Thomas Dolby is also considered one of the early pioneers of retro-futurist (i.e., Steampunk and Dieselpunk) music.[121][122] Amanda Palmer was once quoted as saying, "Thomas Dolby is to Steampunk what Iggy Pop was to Punk!"[123] Steampunk has also appeared in the work of musicians who do not specifically identify as Steampunk. For example, the music video of "Turn Me On", by David Guetta and featuring Nicki Minaj, takes place in a Steampunk universe where Guetta creates human droids. Another music video is "The Ballad of Mona Lisa", by Panic! at the Disco, which has a distinct Victorian Steampunk theme. A continuation of this theme has in fact been used throughout the 2011 album Vices & Virtues, in the music videos, album art, and tour set and costumes. In addition, the album Clockwork Angels (2012) and its supporting tour by progressive rock band Rush contain lyrics, themes, and imagery based around Steampunk. Similarly, Abney Park headlined the first "Steamstock" outdoor steampunk music festival in Richmond, California, which also featured Thomas Dolby, Frenchy and the Punk, Lee Presson and the Nails, Vernian Process, and others.[122] The music video for the Lindsey Stirling song "Roundtable Rival", has a Western Steampunk setting. Television and films This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage" ride at Walt Disney World (1971–1994). This ride is based on the 1954 film 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea. Arliss Loveless character in steampunk wheelchair costume from the 1999 film Wild Wild West The Fabulous World of Jules Verne (1958) and The Fabulous Baron Munchausen (1962), both directed by Karel Zeman, have steampunk elements. The 1965 television series The Wild Wild West, as well as the 1999 film of the same name, features many elements of advanced steam-powered technology set in the Wild West time period of the United States. Two Years' Vacation (or The Stolen Airship) (1967) directed by Karel Zeman contains steampunk elements. The BBC series Doctor Who also incorporates steampunk elements. During season 14 of the show (in 1976), the formerly futuristic looking interior set was replaced with a Victorian-styled wood-panel and brass affair.[124] In the 1996 American co-production, the TARDIS interior was re-designed to resemble an almost Victorian library with the central control console made up of an eclectic array of anachronistic objects. Modified and streamlined for the 2005 revival of the series, the TARDIS console continued to incorporate steampunk elements, including a Victorian typewriter and gramophone. Several storylines can be classed as steampunk, for example: The Evil of the Daleks (1966), wherein Victorian scientists invent a time travel device.[125] Dinner for Adele (1977) directed by Oldřich Lipský involves steampunk contraptions. The 1979 film Time After Time has Herbert George "H.G." Wells following a surgeon named John Leslie Stevenson into the future, as John is suspected of being Jack the Ripper. Both separately use Wells's time machine to travel. The Mysterious Castle in the Carpathians (1981) directed by Oldřich Lipský contains steampunk elements.[126] The 1982 American TV series Q.E.D. is set in Edwardian England, stars Sam Waterston as Professor Quentin Everett Deverill (from whose initials, by which he is primarily known, the series title is derived, initials which also stand for the Latin phrase quod erat demonstrandum, which translates as "which was to be demonstrated"). The Professor is an inventor and scientific detective, in the mold of Sherlock Holmes. The plot of the Soviet film Kin-dza-dza! (1986) centers on a desert planet, depleted of its resources, where an impoverished dog-eat-dog society uses steam-punk machines, the movements and functions of which defy earthly logic. In making his 1986 Japanese film Castle in the Sky, Hayao Miyazaki was heavily influenced by steampunk culture, the film featuring various air ships and steam-powered contraptions as well as a mysterious island that floats through the sky, accomplished not through magic as in most stories, but instead by harnessing the physical properties of a rare crystal—analogous to the lodestone used in the Laputa of Swift's Gulliver's Travels—augmented by massive propellers, as befitting the Victorian motif.[127] The first "Wallace & Gromit" animation "A Grand Day Out" (1989) features a space rocket in the steampunk style.[citation needed] Second half of Back to the Future III (1990) gradually evolves into steampunk. The Adventures of Brisco County, Jr., a 1993 Fox Network TV science fiction-western set in the 1890s, features elements of steampunk as represented by the character Professor Wickwire, whose inventions were described as "the coming thing".[128] The short-lived 1995 TV show Legend, on UPN, set in 1876 Arizona, features such classic inventions as a steam-driven "quadrovelocipede", trigoggle and night-vision goggles (à la teslapunk), and stars John de Lancie as a thinly disguised Nikola Tesla.[citation needed] Alan Moore's and Kevin O'Neill's 1999 The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen graphic novel series (and the subsequent 2003 film adaption) greatly popularised the steampunk genre.[76] Steamboy (2004) is a Japanese animated action film directed and co-written by Katsuhiro Otomo (Akira). It is a retro science-fiction epic set in a Steampunk Victorian England. It features steamboats, trains, airships and inventors. The 2004 film Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events contains Steampunk-esque themes, such as the costumery and vehicle interiors. The 2007 Syfy miniseries Tin Man incorporates a considerable number of steampunk-inspired themes into a re-imagining of L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. Despite leaning more towards gothic influences, the "parallel reality" of Meanwhile, City, within the 2009 film Franklyn, contains many steampunk themes, such as costumery, architecture, minimal use of electricity (with a preference for gaslight), and absence of modern technology (such as there being no motorised vehicles or advanced weaponry, and the manual management of information with no use of computers). The 2009–2014 Syfy television series Warehouse 13 features many steampunk-inspired objects and artifacts, including computer designs created by steampunk artisan Richard Nagy, a.k.a. "Datamancer".[129] The 2010 episode of the TV series Castle entitled "Punked" (which first aired on October 11, 2010) prominently features the steampunk subculture and uses Los Angeles-area steampunks (such as the League of STEAM) as extras.[130] The 2011 film The Three Musketeers has many steampunk elements, including gadgets and airships. The Legend of Korra, a 2012–2014 Nickelodeon animated series, incorporates steampunk elements in an industrialized world with East Asian themes. The Penny Dreadful (2014) television series is a Gothic Victorian fantasy series with steampunk props and costumes. The 2015 GSN reality television game show Steampunk'd features a competition to create steampunk-inspired art and designs which are judged by notable Steampunks Thomas Willeford, Kato, and Matthew Yang King (as Matt King).[131] Based on the work of cartoonist Jacques Tardi, April and the Extraordinary World (2015) is an animated movie set in a steampunk Paris. It features airships, trains, submarines, and various other steam-powered contraptions. Tim Burton's 2016 film Alice Through the Looking Glass features steampunk costumes, props, and vehicles. Japanese anime Kabaneri of the Iron Fortress (2016) features a steampunk zombie apocalypse. The American fantasy animated sitcom, Disenchantment, created by Matt Groening for Netflix, features a steampunk country named Steamland, led by an odd industrialist named Alva Gunderson voiced by Richard Ayoade, first appears in the season 1 episode, "The Electric Princess."[132][133][a] The country is portrayed as driven by logic and is egalitarian, governed by science, rather than magic, as is the case for Dreamland, where the protagonist, Princess Bean, is from.[134] The country has cars, automatic lights, submarines, and other modern technologies, all of which are steam-powered, and references to Groening's other series, Futurama.[135][136] Steamland appears in three episodes of the show's second season,[b] showing an explorers club as part of the country's high society, flying zeppelins, and robots with light bulbs for their heads which chase the protagonists through the streets.[137][138] Some even argued that Steamland is "dieselpunk inspired."[139] Video games A variety of styles of video games have used steampunk settings. Steel Empire (1992), a shoot 'em up game originally released as Koutetsu Teikoku on the Sega Mega Drive console in Japan, is considered to be the first steampunk video game. Designed by Yoshinori Satake and inspired by Hayao Miyazaki's anime film Laputa: Castle in the Sky (1986), Steel Empire is set in an alternate timeline dominated by steam-powered technology. The commercial success of Steel Empire, both in Japan and the West, helped propel steampunk into the video game market, and had a significant influence on later steampunk games. The most notable steampunk game it influenced is Final Fantasy VI (1994), a Japanese role-playing game developed by Squaresoft and designed by Hiroyuki Ito for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. Final Fantasy VI was both critically and commercially successful, and had a considerable influence on later steampunk video games.[35] The Chaos Engine (1993) is a run and gun video game inspired by the Gibson/Sterling novel The Difference Engine (1990), set in a Victorian steampunk age. Developed by the Bitmap Brothers, it was first released on the Amiga in 1993; a sequel was released in 1996.[140] The graphic adventure puzzle video games Myst (1993), Riven (1997), Myst III: Exile (2001), and Myst IV: Revelation (all produced by or under the supervision of Cyan Worlds) take place in an alternate steampunk universe, where elaborate infrastructures have been built to run on steam power. The Elder Scrolls (since 1994, last release in 2014) is an action role-playing game where one can find an ancient extinct race called dwemers or dwarves, whose steampunk technology is based on steam-powered levers and gears made of copper–bronze material, which are maintained by magical techniques that have kept them in working order over the centuries. Sakura Wars (1996), a visual novel and tactical role-playing game developed by Sega for the Saturn console, is set in a steampunk version of Japan during the Meiji and Taishō periods, and features steam-powered mecha robots.[12] Thief: The Dark Project (1998), its sequels, Thief II (2000), Thief: Deadly Shadows (2004) and it's reboot Thief (2014) are set in a steampunk metropolis. The 2001 computer role-playing game Arcanum: Of Steamworks and Magick Obscura mixed fantasy tropes with steampunk. The Professor Layton series of games (2007 debut) has several entries showcasing steampunk machinery and vehicles. Notably Professor Layton and the Unwound Future features a quasi-steampunk future setting. Solatorobo (2010) is a role-playing video game developed by CyberConnect2 set in a floating island archipelago populated by anthropomorphic cats and dogs, who pilot steampunk airships and engage in combat with robots. Resonance of Fate (2010) is a role-playing video game developed by tri-Ace and published by Sega for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. It is set in a steampunk environment with combat involving guns. Impossible Creatures (2003) real-time strategy game inspired by the works of H. G. Welles, especially "The Island of Doctor Moreau". Developed by Relic Entertainment, it sees an adventurer building an army of genetically spliced animals to battle against a mad scientist who has abducted his father. The player's headquarters is a steam-powered "Hovertrain" locomotive, which functions as both a science lab and mobile command center. Coal is a key resource in the game, and must be burned to provide power to the players many base buildings. The SteamWorld series of games (2010 debut) has the player controlling steam-powered robots. Minecraft (2011) has a steampunk-themed texture pack. Terraria (2011) is a video game developed by Re-Logic. It is a 2D open world platform game in which the player controls a single character in a generated world. It has a Steampunker non-player character in the game who sells items referencing Steampunk. LittleBigPlanet 2 (2011) has the world Victoria's Laboratory, run by Victoria von Bathysphere, this world mixes steampunk themes with confections. Guns of Icarus Online (2012) is multiplayer game with steampunk thematic. Dishonored (2012) and Dishonored 2 (2016) are set within a fictional world with heavy steampunk influences, wherein whale oil, as opposed to coal, served as catalyst of their industrial revolution. Dishonored is a series (2012 debut) of stealth games with role playing elements developed by Arkane Studios and widely considered to be a spiritual successor of the original Thief trilogy. Set in the Empire of the Isles, a steampunk Victorian metropolis where technology and supernatural magic co-exist. Steam-powered robots and mechanical combat suits are present as enemies, as well as the presence of magic. The major locations in the Isles include Dunwall, the Empire's capital city which uses the burning of whale oil as the city's main fuel source,[141] and Karnaca, which is powered by wind turbines fed by currents generated by a cleft mountain along the city's borders.[142] BioShock Infinite (2013) is a first-person shooter game set in 1912, in a fictional city called Columbia, which uses technology to float in the sky and has many historical and religious scenes.[143] Code: Realize − Guardian of Rebirth (2014), a Japanese otome game for the PS Vita is set in a steampunk Victorian London, and features a cast with several historical figures with steampunk aesthetics. Code Name S.T.E.A.M. (2015), a Japanese tactical RPG game for the 3DS sets in a steampunk fantasy version of London and where you are conscript in the strike force S.T.E.A.M. (short for Strike Team Eliminating the Alien Menace). They Are Billions (2017), is a steampunk strategy game in a post-apocalyptic setting. Players build a colony and attempt to ward off waves of zombies. Frostpunk (2018) is a city-building game set in 1888, but where the Earth is in the midst of a great ice age. Players must construct a city around a large steampunk heat generator with many steampunk aesthetics and mechanics, such as a "Steam Core." Toys [icon] This section needs expansion with: more steampunk-themed toys. You can help by adding to it. (August 2020) Mattel's Monster High dolls Robecca Steam and Hexiciah Steam. The Pullip Dolls by Japanese manufacturer Dal have a steampunk range. Hornby's world of Bassett-Lowke steampunk models Culture and community Cover of Steampunk Magazine Because of the popularity of steampunk, there is a growing movement of adults that want to establish steampunk as a culture and lifestyle.[144] Some fans of the genre adopt a steampunk aesthetic through fashion,[145] home decor, music, and film. While Steampunk is considered the amalgamation of Victorian aesthetic principles with modern sensibilities and technologies,[24] it can be more broadly categorised as neo-Victorianism, described by scholar Marie-Luise Kohlke as "the afterlife of the nineteenth century in the cultural imaginary".[146] The subculture has its own magazine, blogs, and online shops.[147] In September 2012, a panel, chaired by steampunk entertainer Veronique Chevalier and with panelists including magician Pop Hadyn and members of the steampunk performance group the League of STEAM, was held at Stan Lee's Comikaze Expo. The panel suggested that because steampunk was inclusive of and incorporated ideas from various other subcultures such as goth, neo-Victorian, and cyberpunk, as well as a growing number of fandoms, it was fast becoming a super-culture rather than a mere subculture.[148] Other steampunk notables such as Professor Elemental have expressed similar views about steampunk's inclusive diversity.[149] Some have proposed a steampunk philosophy that incorporates punk-inspired anti-establishment sentiments typically bolstered by optimism about human potential.[150] A 2004 Steampunk Manifesto, later republished in SteamPunk Magazine, lamented that most "so-called" steampunk was nothing more than dressed-up recreationary nostalgia and proposed that "authentic" steampunk would "take the levers of technology from the [technocrats] and powerful."[151] American activist and performer Miriam Rosenberg Rocek impersonated anarcha-feminist Emma Goldman to inspire discussions around gender, society and politics.[4] SteamPunk Magazine was edited and published by anarchists. Its founder, Margaret Killjoy, argued "there have always been radical politics at the core of steampunk."[152] Diana M. Pho, a science-fiction editor and author of the multicultural steampunk blog Beyond Victoriana, similarly argued steampunk's "progressive roots" can be traced to its literary inspirations, including Verne's Captain Nemo.[153] Steampunk authors Phenderson Djèlí Clark,[154] Jaymee Goh,[155] Dru Pagliassotti,[156] and Charlie Stross[157] consider their work political. These views are not universally shared.[76] Killjoy lamented that even some diehard enthusiasts believe steampunk "has nothing to offer but designer clothes."[152] Pho argued many steampunk fans "don't like to acknowledge that their attitudes could be considered ideological."[153] The largest online steampunk community, Brass Goggles, which is dedicated to what it calls the "lighter side" of steampunk, banned discussion about politics. Cory Gross, who was one of the first to write about the history and theory of steampunk, argued that the "sepia-toned yesteryear more appropriate for Disney and grandparents than a vibrant and viable philosophy or culture" denounced in the Steampunk Manifesto[151] was in fact representative of the genre.[158] Author Catherynne M. Valente called the punk in steampunk "nearly meaningless."[159] Kate Franklin and James Schafer, who at the time managed one of the largest steampunk groups on Facebook, admitted in 2011 that steampunk hadn't created the "revolutionary, or even a particularly progressive" community they wanted.[160] Blogger and podcaster Eric Renderking Fisk announced in 2017 that steampunk was no longer punk, since it had "lost the anti-authoritarian, anti-establishment aspects."[161] Others argued explicitly against turning steampunk into a political movement,[162] preferring to see steampunk as "escapism"[163] or a "fandom".[164] In 2018, Nick Ottens, editor of the online alternate-history magazine Never Was, declared that the "lighter side" of steampunk had won out.[165] To the extent that steampunk is politicized, it appears to be an American and British phenomenon. Continental Europeans[166] and Latin Americans[167] are more likely to consider steampunk a hobby than a cause. Social events June 19, 2005 marked the grand opening of the world's first steampunk club night, "Malediction Society", in Los Angeles.[168][169] The event ran for nearly 12 years at The Monte Cristo nightclub, interrupted by a single year residency at Argyle Hollywood, until both the club night and The Monte Cristo closed in April 2017.[169] Though the steampunk aesthetic eventually gave way to a more generic goth and industrial aesthetic, Malediction Society celebrated its roots every year with "The Steampunk Ball".[170] 2006 saw the first "SalonCon", a neo-Victorian/steampunk convention. It ran for three consecutive years and featured artists, musicians (Voltaire and Abney Park), authors (Catherynne M. Valente, Ekaterina Sedia, and G. D. Falksen), salons led by people prominent in their respective fields, workshops and panels on steampunk—as well as a seance, ballroom dance instruction, and the Chrononauts' Parade. The event was covered by MTV[171] and The New York Times.[24] Since then, a number of popular steampunk conventions have sprung up the world over, with names like Steamcon (Seattle), the Steampunk World's Fair (Piscataway, New Jersey), Up in the Aether: The Steampunk Convention (Dearborn, Michigan),[172] Steampunk NZ (Oamaru, New Zealand), Steampunk Unlimited (Strasburg Railroad, Lancaster, PA).[173] Each year, on Mother's Day weekend, the city of Waltham, MA, turns over its city center and surrounding areas to host the Watch City Steampunk Festival, a US outdoor steampunk festival. In Kennebunk, ME the Brick Store Museum hosts the Southern Maine Steampunk Fair annually.[174][175] During the first weekend of May, the Australian town of Nimmitabel celebrates Steampunk @ Altitude with some 2,000 attendance.[176] A steampunk couple at Carnevale 2012 in Boise, Idaho In recent years, steampunk has also become a regular feature at San Diego Comic-Con International, with the Saturday of the four-day event being generally known among steampunks as "Steampunk Day", and culminating with a photo-shoot for the local press.[177][178] In 2010, this was recorded in the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's largest steampunk photo shoot.[179] In 2013, Comic-Con announced four official 2013 T-shirts, one of them featuring the official Rick Geary Comic-Con toucan mascot in steampunk attire.[180] The Saturday steampunk "after-party" has also become a major event on the steampunk social calendar: in 2010, the headliners included The Slow Poisoner, Unextraordinary Gentlemen, and Voltaire, with Veronique Chevalier as Mistress of Ceremonies and special appearance by the League of STEAM;[181][182] in 2011, UXG returned with Abney Park.[183] Steampunk has also sprung up recently at Renaissance Festivals and Renaissance Faires, in the US. Some festivals have organised events or a "Steampunk Day", while others simply support an open environment for donning steampunk attire. The Bristol Renaissance Faire in Kenosha, Wisconsin, on the Wisconsin/Illinois border, featured a Steampunk costume contest during the 2012 season, the previous two seasons having seen increasing participation in the phenomenon.[184] Steampunk also has a growing following in the UK and Europe. The largest European event is "Weekend at the Asylum", held at The Lawn, Lincoln, every September since 2009. Organised as a not-for-profit event by the Victorian Steampunk Society, the Asylum is a dedicated steampunk event which takes over much of the historical quarter of Lincoln, England, along with Lincoln Castle. In 2011, there were over 1000 steampunks in attendance. The event features the Empire Ball, Majors Review, Bazaar Eclectica, and the international Tea Duelling final.[185] [186] The Surrey Steampunk Convivial was originally held in New Malden, but since 2019 has been held in Stoneleigh in southwestern London, within walking distance of H. G. Wells's home.[187] The Surrey Steampunk Convivial started as an annual event in 2012, and now takes place thrice a year, and has spanned three boroughs and five venues.[188] Attendees have been interviewed by BBC Radio 4 for Phill Jupitus[189] and filmed by the BBC World Service.[190] The West Yorkshire village of Haworth has held an annual Steampunk weekend since 2013,[191] on each occasion as a charity event raising funds for Sue Ryder's "Manorlands" hospice in Oxenhope. In September 2021, Finland's first steampunk festival was held at the Väinö Linna Square and the Werstas Workers' House in Tampere, Pirkanmaa, Finland.[192][193] Other A 2018 physics Ph.D. dissertation used the phrase "Quantum Steampunk" to describe the author's synthesis of some 19th century and current ideas.[194][195] The term has not been widely adopted. A 2012 conference paper on human factors in computing systems examines the use of steampunk as a design fiction for human-computer interaction (HCI). It concludes that "the practices of DIY and appropriation that are evident in Steampunk design provide a useful set of design strategies and implications for HCI".[196] Steampunk HQ, a museum and arts centre dedicated to steampunk in Oamaru, New Zealand, along with its associated art gallery (The Libratory), was the world's first steampunk museum. The town of Oamaru and the English city of Lincoln have both claimed the title of "Steampunk Capital of the World".[197][198][199] See also icon Speculative fiction portal Air pirate – Common stock character in steampunk Alternate history – Genre of speculative fiction, where one or more historical events occur differently Cyberpunk – Postmodern science fiction genre in a futuristic dystopian setting Cyberpunk derivatives – Subgenres of this speculative fiction genre Dark academia Dieselpunk – Science fiction genre Retrofuturism – Creative arts movement inspired by historic depictions of the future Retrotronics – The making of electric circuits or appliances using older electric components Tik-Tok (Oz) – Fictional character from L. Frank Baum's Oz series Notes  The country is alluded to in the show's first episode when an object looking like a blimp is briefly shown in the background when the protagonist and her friends flee into the forest.  Specifically the episodes "Steamland Confidential," "Freak Out!," and "Last Splash" References  "Definition of steampunk". Oxford University Press. Retrieved 6 October 2012.  Latham, Rob (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Science Fiction. p. 439. ISBN 9780199838844.  "What Is Steampunk All About? | Gear Gadgets and Gizmos". www.geargadgetsandgizmos.com/. 25 September 2017. Retrieved Feb 23, 2020.  Nally, Claire (Nov 7, 2016). "EXPERT COMMENT: Steampunk, Neo-Victorianism, and the Fantastic" (Press release). Northumbria University, Newcastle's Newsroom.  STEAMPUNK. Lulu.com. 2014.  Campbell, Heather M. (Dec 1, 2010). "Steampunk: Full Steam Ahead". School Library Journal. 56 (12): 52–57. ISSN 0362-8930.  VanderMeer, Jeff; Chambers, S. J. (2011). The Steampunk Bible: An Illustrated Guide to the World of Imaginary Airships, Corsets and Goggles, Mad Scientists, and Strange Literature. New York: Abrams Image. ISBN 978-0810989580.  Grossman, Lev (December 14, 2009). "Steampunk: Reclaiming Tech for the Masses". Time. Archived from the original on December 9, 2009. Retrieved Dec 10, 2009. Steampunk has been around for at least 30 years, with roots going back further. An early example is K. W. Jeter's 1979 novel Morlock Night, a sequel to H.G. Wells' The Time Machine in which the Morlocks travel back in time to invade 1890s London. Steampunk — Jeter coined the name — was already an established subgenre by 1990, when William Gibson and Bruce Sterling introduced a wider audience to it in The Difference Engine, a novel set in a Victorian England running Babbage's hardware and ruled by Lord Byron, who had escaped death in Greece. ...  Clute, John; Grant, John; Ashley, Mike; Hartwell, David G.; Westfahl, Gary (1999). The Encyclopedia of Fantasy (1st ed.). New York: St. Martin's Griffin. pp. 895–896. ISBN 9780312198695. STEAMPUNK A term applied more to science fiction than to fantasy, though some tales described as steampunk do cross genres. ... Steampunk, on the other hand, can be best described as technofantasy that is based, sometimes quite remotely, upon technological anachronism.  Taddeo, Julie Anne; Miller, Cynthia J. (2013). Steaming Into a Victorian Future: A Steampunk Anthology. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-8108-8586-8.  "What Is Steampunk – Steam Punk Explained". steam-punk.co.uk. Retrieved May 26, 2020.  Sterling, Bruce (22 March 2013). "Japanese steampunk". Wired. Retrieved 26 April 2020.  Cavallaro, Dani (2015). "Nadia: The Secret of Blue Water (Fushigi no Umi no Nadia)". The Art of Studio Gainax: Experimentation, Style and Innovation at the Leading Edge of Anime. McFarland & Company. pp. 40–53 (40-1). ISBN 978-1-4766-0070-3.  "Steampunk artists meld Victorian era, science fiction". Duluth News Tribune. January 1, 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2012. It’s the stuff Jules Verne used to write about, looking at it from the hindsight of the 21st century,  "Steampunk's subculture revealed". SFGate. Retrieved Aug 12, 2017.  Strickland, Jonathan (Feb 15, 2008). "Famous Steampunk Works". HowStuffWorks. Retrieved May 18, 2008.  Oliveira, Camilla (Nov 2, 2015). "Steampunk: The Movement and the Art". Wall Street International – Culture Section.  Peake, Mervyn (2011). The Illustrated Gormenghast Trilogy (New ed.). London: Vintage. p. 753. ISBN 978-0099528548.  Daniel, Lucy (2007). Defining Moments In Books: The Greatest Books, Writers, Characters, Passages And Events That Shook The Literary World. New York: Cassell illustrated. p. 439. ISBN 978-1844036059.  Bluestocking (21 June 2017). "Steampunk Dollhouse: Islands in the Time Streams or How a Privileged White Edwardian Man Had His Eyes Opened Rather Forcefully".  Kunzru, Hari (4 February 2011). "When Hari Kunzru Met Michael Moorcock". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 September 2016.  Bebergal, Peter (August 26, 2007). "The Age of Steampunk". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on April 14, 2008. Retrieved May 10, 2008.  Kremper, Ella (November 2009). "Beneath an Amber Moon; Brazil" (PDF). Gatehouse Gazette. No. 6. pp. 12–13. Retrieved Jul 28, 2020.  La Ferla, Ruth (May 8, 2008). "Steampunk Moves Between 2 Worlds". The New York Times. Retrieved Nov 21, 2010.  Braiker, Brian (October 31, 2007). "Steampunking Technology: A subculture hand-tools today's gadgets with Victorian style". Newsweek. Retrieved Nov 21, 2010.  Kaplan, Janet A. (2000). Remedios Varo: Unexpected Journeys (1st ed.). New York: Abbeville Press. ISBN 978-0789206275.  Duggan, Anne; Haase, Donald; Callow, Helen J. (2016). Folktales and Fairy Tales: Traditions and Texts from around the World, 2nd Edition [4 volumes]: Traditions and Texts from around the World. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 835. ISBN 978-1-61069-253-3.  "What The Hell Is Steampunk?". HuffPost UK. Oct 17, 2011. Retrieved Aug 12, 2017.  Sheidlower, Jesse (March 9, 2005). "Science Fiction Citations". Archived from the original on February 5, 2012. Retrieved May 10, 2008.  Jeter, K.W. (April 1987). "Letter – essay from K. W. Jeter". Locus. Vol. 20, no. 4. Locus Publications.  Nevins, Jess (2003). Heroes & Monsters: The Unofficial Companion to the League of Extraordinary Gentlemen. Austin, Texas: MonkeyBrain, Inc. ISBN 978-1932265040.  Lupoff, Richard; Stiles, Steve (February 1980). "The Adventures of Professor Thintwhistle and His Incredible Aether Flyer". Heavy Metal. pp. 27–32 et seq.  Calamity, Prof. "Steampunk Manifesto". prof-calamity.livejournal.com. Retrieved Aug 18, 2020.  VanderMeer, Jeff; Chambers, S. J. (2012). The Steampunk Bible: An Illustrated Guide to the World of Imaginary Airships, Corsets and Goggles, Mad Scientists, and Strange Literature. Abrams Books. p. 184. ISBN 9781613121665.  Nevins, Jess (2019). "Steampunk". In McFarlane, Anna; Schmeink, Lars; Murphy, Graham (eds.). The Routledge Companion to Cyberpunk Culture. Routledge. p. 107. ISBN 978-1-351-13986-1.  Zion, Lee (May 15, 2001). "Probing the Atlantis Mystery". Anime News Network. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved July 15, 2012.  Yasuhiro, Takeda (March 25, 2019). "The Notenki Memoirs: Studio Gainax And The Men Who Created Evangelion". Gwern. Retrieved October 29, 2019.  Druce, Nikki (2016). Making Steampunk Jewellery. The Crowood Press. ISBN 978-1-78500-215-1.  Whitson, Roger (2017). Steampunk and Nineteenth-Century Digital Humanities: Literary Retrofuturisms, Media Archaeologies, Alternate Histories. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-317-50911-0.  Bowser, Rachel A.; Croxall, Brian (2010). "Industrial Evolution" (PDF). Neo-Victorian Studies (3:1): 23. Retrieved April 12, 2016.  Guffey, Elizabeth (2014). "Crafting Yesterday's Tomorrows: Retro-Futurism, Steampunk, and the Problem of Making in the Twenty-First Century". The Journal of Modern Craft. 7 (3): 250. doi:10.2752/174967714X14111311182767. S2CID 191495500.  Collazo, Stephanie Amy (December 6, 2011). "YRB Interview: Dr. Grymm". YRB Magazine. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. Retrieved March 6, 2012. a dangerous tattoo machine, fusing a tattoo machine and an arm. Using a hand massager, projector parts, tube radios, a paint sprayer and miscellaneous parts (such as a glass vial of squid ink), Marsocci created an interesting piece that looks like something you’d find in Mary Shelley’s home.  Casey, Eileen (August 1, 2008). "Steampunk Art And Design Exhibits In The Hamptons". Hamptons Online. Retrieved March 6, 2012. Steampunk is not considered 'Outsider Art,' but rather a tightly focused art movement whose practitioners faithfully borrow design elements from the grand schools of architecture, science and design and employ a strict philosophy where the physical form must be as equally impressive as the function.  Catastrophone Orchestra and Arts Collective, "What, Then, is Steampunk? Colonizing the Past So We Can Dream the Future," SteamPunk Magazine 1 (2006), p 4.  Steel, Sharon (May 19, 2008). "Steam dream: Steampunk bursts through its subculture roots to challenge our musical, fashion, design, and even political sensibilities". The Boston Phoenix. Retrieved September 27, 2008.  Hart, Hugh (December 1, 2011). "Steampunk Contraptions Take Over Tattoo Studio". Wired. Retrieved December 5, 2011.  Farivar, Cyrus (February 6, 2008). "Steampunk Brings Victorian Flair to the 21st Century". National Public Radio. Retrieved May 10, 2008.  Jackie (October 17, 2013). "Paris Metro Travel: Full Steam(punk) Ahead at Arts et Métiers". Rail Europe. Archived from the original on April 7, 2014.  Dodsworth, Lucy (November 7, 2011). "In pictures: Paris' steampunk Arts et Métiers Metro station". On The Luce.  Hartwell, Lane (September 8, 2007). "Best of Burning Man: Fire Dancers, Steampunk Tree House and More". Wired. Retrieved January 5, 2011. Kinetic Steam Works' Case traction engine Hortense glows on the playa. The art vehicle was named in honor of the artist and mother of Cal Tinkham, the steam enthusiast and railroad engineer who originally restored the engine.  Savatier, Tristan "Loupiote" (2007). "Kinetic Steam Works' Case traction engine Hortense".  "Five Ton Crane". Fivetoncrane.org. 2010. Retrieved Aug 6, 2014.  Jardin, Xeni (24 January 2008). "Steampunk Tree House". Boing Boing TV. Archived from the original on December 9, 2010.  Orlando, Sean (2007–2008). "Steampunk Tree House". Retrieved May 10, 2008.  "Steampunk Treehouse Finds Home At Dogfish". Dogfish Head Craft Brewery. 21 June 2010. Archived from the original on 25 June 2010.  "Maker Faire: The Neverwas Haul". Make: DIY Projects, How-Tos, Electronics, Crafts and Ideas for Makers. Retrieved Nov 19, 2015.  "Crew". Obtainium Works. Retrieved Nov 19, 2015.  Ryzik, Melena (May 21, 2008). "Telescope Takes a Long View, to London". The New York Times. Retrieved August 5, 2008.  Sullivan, Caroline (October 17, 2008). "Tonight I'm gonna party like it's 1899". The Guardian. London. Retrieved October 17, 2008.  PH, Julie (June 5, 2008). "Testing the Telectroscope". Londonist. Retrieved 1 August 2012.  "Telectroscope Merged Topic Threads". Brass Goggles. Retrieved 1 August 2012.  Wetherell, Tim. "Clockwork Universe". Tim Wetherell. Retrieved 8 December 2017.  Taddeo, Julie Anne; Miller, Cynthia J. (2013). Steaming into a Victorian future : a steampunk anthology. Lanham, Md. : Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810885868.  "Not Remotely Steampunk". Regretsy. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved Aug 26, 2011.  Pikedevant (Nov 29, 2011). "Just Glue Some Gears On It (And Call It Steampunk)". Youtube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-11. Retrieved December 4, 2011. From the video's comments: 'This is Datamancer, the steampunk keyboard guy, and I approve of this video wholeheartedly. In fact, we make this joke at the workshop almost daily. "I can't figure out how to finish off this edge". "Just glue some gears to it and call it done" haha. Well-made song and video.' – Datamancer. 'Glad to see a new contender for the chap-hop crown, and such a relevant message. I love it!' – Unwoman. 'Professor Elemental here, Just wanted to give this my most hearty applause. A fine, fine song by a true gentleman.'  "The Steampunk movement in Oxford". BBC News. Oct 26, 2009. Retrieved Apr 12, 2016.  "Steampunk". Museum of the History of Science, Oxford. Imagine the technology of today with the aesthetic of Victorian science.  Ward, Mark (November 30, 2009). "Tech Know: Fast forward to the past". BBC News. Retrieved November 30, 2009.  "Lonely Planet launches latest New Zealand guide (2012, Steampunk HQ one of author's top 12 recommendations)". New Zealand Government official tourism website. Archived from the original on November 14, 2012. Retrieved Mar 21, 2014.  "ModVic | Steampunk Museum Art & Residential and Commercial DesignModvic". Jun 20, 2015. Archived from the original on June 20, 2015. Retrieved Apr 12, 2016.  Stiffler, Scott (January 19, 2012). "Steampunk: The Victorian future is now". the Villager. Retrieved March 6, 2012.  "Mobilis in Mobili Art Exhibit Gives Steampunks Some New Ink to Spill". Tor.com. Dec 2, 2011. Retrieved Aug 6, 2014.  "Exhibitor: The Oxford Artisan Distillery". Whisky Show. London: The Whisky Exchange. October 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.  Campbell, Jean (2009). Steampunk Style Jewelry: A Maker's Collection of Victorian, Fantasy, and Mechanical Designs. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Creative Publishing International. p. 58. ISBN 9781589234758.  "Steampunk Sunglasses – All you need to know!". The Urban Crew. Archived from the original on September 2, 2017. Retrieved Jul 19, 2017.  Damon Poeter (July 6, 2008). "Steampunk's subculture revealed". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved September 8, 2008.  Rowe, Andrew Ross (September 29, 2008). "What Is Steampunk? A Subculture Infiltrating Films, Music, Fashion, More". MTV. Retrieved October 14, 2008.  "Company Spotlight: Steampunk Couture". Steampunk Journal. Feb 20, 2014. Retrieved Apr 11, 2014.  Dahncke, Pasha Ray. "IBM Social Sentiment Index Predicts New Retail Trend in the Making" (Press release). IBM. Retrieved 18 February 2013.  Skarda, Erin (Jan 17, 2013). "Will Steampunk Really Be the Next Big Fashion Trend?". Time. Retrieved Feb 18, 2013.  Stubby the Rocket (June 25, 2012). "Sci-Fi Actors Wearing Steampunk Clothes Designed by Prada". Archived from the original on December 11, 2013. Retrieved Mar 28, 2014.  Cicatrix13 (Mar 6, 2013). "Steampunk Couture Hot on the Runway (and We're Not Talking Airships)". Steampunk Workshop.  "Under the Gunn, Episode 7: "Steampunk Chic"". Threads Magazine. Mar 6, 2014.  "America's Next Top Model goes STEAMPUNK". LacedAndWaisted. September 30, 2012.  "Heliograph's Space 1889 Resource Site". Heliograph, Inc. Jun 30, 2010. Retrieved Nov 29, 2010.  Csicsery-Ronay, Istvan (March 1997). "Istvan Csicsery-Ronay, Jr. | The Critic". Science Fiction Studies. DePauw University, Greencastle Indiana: SF-TH Inc. (#71, Volume 24, Part 1). Retrieved Nov 29, 2010.  Doctorow, Cory (July 8, 2007). "Jay Lake's "Mainspring:" Clockpunk adventure". Retrieved May 10, 2008.  Gosling, Sharon (February 28, 2013). "Sharon Gosling's top 10 children's steampunk books". The Guardian.  Czyrnyj, Alasdair (November 2009). "Adventures at Armageddon; Review; Leviathan" (PDF). Gatehouse Gazette. No. 9. pp. 10–11. Retrieved Jul 28, 2020.  Corbett, Sue (Sep 28, 2012). "What's New in YA? Mashups". PublishersWeekly.com. Retrieved Apr 12, 2016.  "Meet the Victorian Steampunk Society". SFX News. November 27, 2011. Retrieved January 5, 2011.  Misra, Ria (May 19, 2014). "That Time Hellboy Got "Steampunk" Added To The Dictionary". Gizmodo. Retrieved Jul 28, 2020.  Barger, Andrew (2013). Mesaerion: The Best Science Fiction Short Stories 1800–1849. Bottletree Books Llc. p. 31. ISBN 9781933747491.  "Skies of Arcadia review on RPGnet". RPG.net. Retrieved September 8, 2009.  "Rise of legends as steampunk video game". Dailygame.net. Archived from the original on February 17, 2009. Retrieved September 8, 2009.  Xerin (March 9, 2010). "WoW: Loremaster's Corner #5: A Steampunk Paradise". Ten Ton Hammer. Retrieved May 30, 2010. World of Warcraft is almost a steampunk paradise if you look at the various technological advancements the gnomes have made. Most engines are powered by steam and there are giant airships floating around everywhere.  "Lore:Dwemer Animunculi – The Unofficial Elder Scrolls Pages". UESP. Apr 24, 2017. Retrieved Jun 5, 2017.  "Unprecedented level of game service operation' from Steampunk MMORPG Neo Steam". June 29, 2008. Archived from the original on August 19, 2017. Retrieved January 24, 2014.  Davia, Lorenzo (January 2011). "Magico Vento" (PDF). Gatehouse Gazette. No. 16. p. 17. Retrieved Jul 28, 2020.  Kinkade, Scott (August 10, 2013). "Dead Iron – Book Review". Gatehouse Gazette. Retrieved Jul 28, 2020.  Richardson-Brown, James (2008). "Steampunk – What's That All About". The Chronicles. Vol. 2, no. 9. p. 10.  McCarthy, Todd (August 18, 2009). "9 Review". Variety. Archived from the original on August 23, 2009. Retrieved November 19, 2009.  Latham, Rob; Guffey, Elizabeth; Lemay, Kate C. (Nov 1, 2014). "Retrofuturism and Steampunk". The Oxford Handbook of Science Fiction. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199838844.013.0034. ISBN 9780199838844.  Hudson, Patrick. "(Review of) The Difference Engine". The Zone. Pigasus Press. Retrieved February 13, 2009.  School Library Journal,Laviathan. Simon Pulse. Oct 6, 2009. ISBN 9781416971733. Retrieved Aug 19, 2011.  Bertschy, Zac (July 21, 2004). "Steamboy". Anime News Network.  Waldrop, Howard; Person, Lawrence (October 13, 2004). "The Fabulous World of Jules Verne". Locus Online. Retrieved May 10, 2008.  "The news and media magazine of the British Science Fiction Association". Matrix Online. June 30, 2008. Archived from the original on February 21, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009.  Ward, Cynthia (August 20, 2003). "Hayao Miyazaki: The Greatest Fantasy Director You Never Heard Of?". Locus Online. Retrieved June 13, 2009.  Hayden, Tom (September 3, 2002). "Gotcha!". U.S. News & World Report. p. 39. Archived from the original on December 16, 2005. Retrieved January 5, 2012.  Guinan, Paul; Bennett, Anina (2012). Boilerplate: History's Mechanical Marvel. Abrams Books. ISBN 978-0-8109-8950-4.  "A Preview of Boilerplate: History's Mechanical Marvel". Omnivoracious. Apr 29, 2009. Retrieved Mar 17, 2011.  Misra, Ria (4 July 2015). "Author Ken Liu Explains "Silkpunk" to Us". io9. Retrieved 20 February 2018.  "J.Y. Yang's two novellas are like rojak, a surprisingly delicious blend of unexpected flavours". The Straits Times. 26 September 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2018.  "Silkpunk: What It is and What It Definitely is Not". 4 August 2021.  Simon Price (Mar 11, 2012). "Album: The Men That Will Not Be Blamed for Nothing, This May Be the Reason (Leather Apron) – Reviews – Music". The Independent. Retrieved Aug 6, 2014.  D.M.P. (Jan 16, 2010). "Beyond Victoriana: #10 An Interview with Sunday Driver". Tales of the Urban Adventurer.  "Audio Drome Review: Dr. Steel". Rue Morgue Magazine, issue 42. November–December 2004. Archived from the original (back issue) on March 10, 2016.  Scoggins, Wesley. "Interview: Dr. Phineas Waldolf Steel, Mad Scientist". Indy Mogul. Archived from the original on December 27, 2010. Retrieved August 29, 2009. Many have mentioned your work in regards to Steampunk influenced bands like Abney Park (and for that matter the Steampunk "style" in general).  "In Memoriam: Joshua Pfeiffer interviews Paul Roland, Part I". The Steampunk Bible. April 12, 2012. Retrieved April 12, 2016.  Kurt Andersen (6 October 2012). "Music festival, conference set to celebrate steampunk". Public Radio International.  Rossmore, Mark (September 10, 2012). "Steamstock: An Antiquarian Exposition". steampunk-music.com.  "Thomas Dolby Debuts The Floating City Transmedia Game". Reuters. Jun 22, 2011. Archived from the original on January 26, 2013.  "TARDIS builders". Retrieved 16 December 2013.  "BBC Doctor Who Classic Series". BBC. Retrieved 16 December 2013.  "Mysterious Castle in the Carpathians, the Review (1981)".  Castle in the Sky#Influences  Orillion, Andrew (June 8, 2010). "A Fistful of Geek: A Look Back at The Adventures of Brisco County Jr". Slant Magazine.  Stephanie (August 16, 2009). "Warehouse 13: Steampunk TV". closetscifigeek.com. Archived from the original on July 9, 2012. Retrieved October 2, 2009.  Clarissa (October 11, 2010). "Sneak Peeks – Castle 3.04 "Punked"". TVOvermind.com. Archived from the original on March 21, 2012.  "Jeannie Mai to Host GSN New Competition Series STEAMPUNK'D, 8/19". Broadway World. Jul 9, 2015.  Stubbs, Dan (January 11, 2021). "'Disenchantment' season three review: Matt Groening's swords-and-swigging sitcom loses the plot". NME. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2021.  Cremona, Patrick (January 13, 2021). "When is Disenchantment Part 3 released on Netflix? Everything you need to know". Radio Times. Archived from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2021.  Morrison, Matt (September 28, 2019). "Disenchantment Season 2's Ending Was Foreshadowed From The Start: Here's How". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on September 30, 2019. Retrieved January 22, 2021.  Murthi, Vikram (September 22, 2019). "Disenchantment goes all steampunk in the penultimate episode of the season". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on December 30, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2021.  Elderkin, Beth (September 23, 2019). "Some of Disenchantment Part 2's Coolest Teasers, Nods, and Easter Eggs". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2021.  Jennings, Collier (December 16, 2020). "Netflix's Disenchantment Part 3 Trailer Reveals Release Date". CBR. Archived from the original on December 19, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2021.  Griffin, David (January 15, 2021). "Disenchantment: Season 3 Review". IGN. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2021.  Liptak, Andrew (December 16, 2020). "Netflix's Disenchantment Returns in January". Tor.com. Archived from the original on December 16, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2021.  "The Chaos Engine". The Bitmap Brothers. Retrieved Aug 6, 2014.  Hillier, Brenna (23 November 2016). "Celebrating Dishonored 2's stylish, "whalepunk" art". VG247. Retrieved 22 August 2020.  Chalk, Andy (5 October 2016). "Dishonored 2 trailer examines the making of Karnaca". PC Gamer. Retrieved 22 August 2020.  Ottens, Nick (January 2011). "BioShock Infinite" (PDF). Gatehouse Gazette. No. 16. p. 9. Retrieved Jul 28, 2020.  Kaye, Marco (July 25, 2008). "Mom, Dad, I'm Into Steampunk". McSweeney's.net. Archived from the original on August 4, 2008. Retrieved August 4, 2008.  Rauchfuss, Marcus (July 1, 2008). "Steampunk Aesthetics". Archived from the original on May 31, 2008. Retrieved February 9, 2010.  Miss Jessica Rose (November 5, 2013). "So what is neo-Victorianism? A working definition. | Past Books". Pastbooks.wordpress.com. Retrieved November 19, 2016.  Braiker, Brian (October 30, 2007). "Steampunk's Twist on Tech". Newsweek. Retrieved July 11, 2017.  "Stan Lee's Comikaze Expo 2012 Panel Schedule, Saturday, September 15" (PDF). Comikaze Expo. Sep 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 20, 2012.  Professor Elemental (Oct 2012). "Professor Elemental Defines Steampunk (or, at Least Tries to)". Tor.com.  Swerlick, Andrew (May 11, 2007). "Technology Gets Steampunk'd". Archived from the original on December 9, 2007. Retrieved August 4, 2008.  Prof. Calamity (November 27, 2004). "Steampunk Manifesto". LiveJournal. Retrieved Jul 28, 2020.[self-published source?]  Killjoy, Margaret (October 3, 2011). "Steampunk Will Never Be Afraid Of Politics". Tor.com. Retrieved Jul 28, 2020.  Pho, Diana M. (Winter 2012), "Leftist constructs", Overland (207), retrieved Jul 28, 2020  Clark, Phenderson Djèlí (April 17, 2013). "Radical Dirigibles – Black Socialists, Anarchists, Reformers and Airships". The Musings of a Disgruntled Haradrim. Retrieved Jul 28, 2020.  Goh, Jaymee (October 19, 2009). "There is Totally Punk in Steampunk". Tor.com. Retrieved Jul 28, 2020.  Pagliassotti, Dru (February 11, 2009). "Does Steampunk Have Politics?". Retrieved Jul 28, 2020.  Stross, Charlie (October 27, 2010). "The hard edge of empire". Retrieved Jul 28, 2020.  Gross, Cory (August 27, 2010). "A History of Steampunk, by Cory Gross". Steampunk Scholar. Retrieved Jul 28, 2020.  Valente, Catherynne M. (November 28, 2007). "Blowing Off Steam". Retrieved Jul 28, 2020.  Franklin, Kate; Schafer, James. "Why Steampunk (still) Matters". Archived from the original on March 1, 2012. Retrieved Jul 28, 2012.  Fisk, Eric Renderking (March 4, 2017). "Requiem for Steampunk". The Fedora Chronicles. Retrieved Jul 28, 2020.  Ottens, Nick (November 5, 2010). "Get Your Punk Out of My Steam". Gatehouse Gazette. Retrieved Jul 28, 2020.  Rauchfuß, Marcus (October 20, 2011). "Is Steampunk Radically Political?". Gatehouse Gazette. Retrieved Jul 28, 2020.  Garcia, Chris (May 2010). "The Steampunk Fandom" (PDF). Gatehouse Gazette. No. 12. p. 5. Retrieved Jul 28, 2020.  Ottens, Nick (March 31, 2018). "Punk Is Dead. Long Live Steampunk!". Gatehouse Gazette. Retrieved Jul 28, 2020.  Heyvaert, Hilde (December 1, 2011). "A Rupture Between Continents?". Gatehouse Gazette. Retrieved Jul 28, 2020.  Rodríguez, Araceli (March 2011). "Iberoamerica: The Lost World" (PDF). Gatehouse Gazette. No. 19. p. 18. Retrieved Jul 28, 2020.  Kriete, Evelyn (Oct 22, 2010). "The Amazing Fantastic Steampunk Timeline of Music and Things". Tor.com. Retrieved Jan 29, 2019.  Lecaro, Lina (Apr 4, 2017). "The Monte Cristo, Longtime Home to Dark L.A. Nightlife, Is Closing Down". LA Weekly. Retrieved Jan 29, 2019.  Ohanesian, Liz (Jun 23, 2009). "Steampunk Industrial Complex: Bridging Subcultures at Malediction Society". LA Weekly. Retrieved Jan 29, 2019.  "Steampunk Infiltrates the Mainstream". MTV. Retrieved Feb 25, 2010.  Ay-leen the Peacemaker (Jan 10, 2013). "Gearing Up for 2013: A Steampunk Conventions Listing".  Hatmaker, Julia (16 November 2013). "Strasburg Rail Road's Steampunk UnLimited draws more than 1,000 on its first day". PennLive. The Patriot-News. Retrieved 26 May 2015.  "Steampunk Fair returns to Kennebunk on Aug. 10". Portland Press Herald. 2019-08-01. Retrieved 2021-11-12.  "Southern Maine Steampunk Fair moved to digital format". Portland Press Herald. 23 July 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2021.  "Steampunk At Altitude (2020)". Regional Tourism Organisation for the Snowy Mountains. Retrieved April 4, 2020.  "Comic Con: Day Three – Steampunks!". FrockTalk.com. July 28, 2009. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016.  "San Diego Comic-Con 2010 Day 3". LA Weekly. Archived from the original on October 22, 2013. Retrieved Jul 31, 2010.  "Largest Gathering of Steampunks (2010)". Guinness World Records. Retrieved Jul 11, 2012.  "Comic-Con 2013 T-Shirts Revealed!". comic-con.org. July 1, 2013. Retrieved Jul 2, 2013.  "The League of Temporal Adventurers First Society Gala". Archived from the original on January 22, 2013. Retrieved Jul 29, 2010.  Ohanesian, Liz (July 28, 2010). "Comic-Con Interview: Musician/Artist Voltaire is a Convention Renaissance Man". LA Weekly. Archived from the original on August 1, 2010. Retrieved Jul 31, 2010.  "Promotional poster for Comic Con's steampunk after-party, "The Time Machine"". Archived from the original on March 23, 2012. Retrieved Jul 23, 2011.  "Steampunk Empire: All Events in Bristol Renaissance Faire". Archived from the original on February 3, 2014. Retrieved Oct 5, 2012.  "The Asylum". Archived from the original on March 25, 2009. Retrieved Feb 17, 2015.  "Tea Duelling". Sep 23, 2014. Retrieved Feb 17, 2015.  "H G Wells Literature and Love". G R Crawford. Retrieved 3 September 2015.  "Steampunks hit Epsom". Surrey Comet. Retrieved 27 November 2018.  "BBC radio documentary [sic] about Steampunk with Phill Jupitus". toswitchoffvoicemail. Archived from the original on 2021-12-11. Retrieved 3 September 2015 – via YouTube.  "The Surrey Steampunk Convivial". Ben Henderson. Archived from the original on 2021-12-11. Retrieved 3 September 2015 – via YouTube.  "The Haworth Steampunk Weekend". www.haworth-village.co.uk. Retrieved Jun 20, 2016.  OHJELMA 2021 – Steampunk Tampere (in Finnish)  YLE: Tampereella käynnistyi Suomen ensimmäinen steampunk-festivaali: katso tästä muinaisen teknologian höyrystämät kuvat (in Finnish)  Nicole Yunger Halpern, "Quantum Steampunk: 19th-Century Science Meets Technology of Today", Scientific American 322:5:n.p., May 2020  Nicole Yunger Halpern, "Quantum steampunk: Quantum information, thermodynamics, their intersection, and applications thereof across physics", Ph.D. Dissertation, California Institute of Technology, 2018 doi:10.7907/96EJ-N815 arXiv:1807.09786  Joshua Tanenbaum, Karen Tanenbaum, Ron Wakkary, "Steampunk as Design Fiction", Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '12), May 2012, doi:10.1145/2207676.2208279, pp. 1583–1592  "Oamaru - steampunk capital of the world," Radio New Zealand, 1 November 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2022.  Roy, E. A., "How an ordinary New Zealand town became steampunk capital of the world," The Guardian, 30 August 2016. Retrieved 11 January 2022.  Murray, J., "Lincoln is Officially the World’s Most Steampunk Location," Visit Lincoln, 30 April 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2022. Further reading Alkon, Paul K. (1994). Science fiction before 1900. ISBN 978-0-8057-0952-0. Donovan, Art (2011). The Art of Steampunk: Extraordinary Devices and Ingenious Contraptions from the Leading Artists of the Steampunk Movement. Fox Chapel Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56523-573-1. Erlich, Richard D.; Dunn, Thomas P. (1983). Clockwork worlds. ISBN 978-0-313-23026-4. Guillemois, Alban (2006). Louis la Lune. ISBN 978-2-226-16675-3. Landon, Brooks (2002). Science fiction after 1900. ISBN 978-0-415-93888-4. Nevins, Jess (2005). The Encyclopedia of Fantastic Victoriana. MonkeyBrain Books. ISBN 978-1-932265-15-6. Perschon, Mike (2018). Steampunk FAQ: All That's Left to Know About the World of Goggles Airships and Time Travel. Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-1617136641. Person, Lawrence (Winter 1988). "Nova Express". Volume 2. Austin, TX, USA. Slusser, George; Shippey, Tom (1992). Fiction 2000: cyberpunk and the future of narrative. ISBN 978-0-8203-1425-9. Suvin, Darko (1983). Victorian science fiction in the UK. ISBN 978-0-8161-8435-4. Westfahl, Gary; Slusser, George; Leiby, David (2002). Worlds enough and time. ISBN 978-0-313-31706-4. Strongman, Jay (2010). Steampunk: The Art of Victorian Futurism. Korero. ISBN 978-1-907621-03-1. External links  Media related to Steampunk at Wikimedia Commons Steampunk Culture Documentary produced by Off Book "Steampunk Hangar" at Lumberwoods, Unnatural History Museum An archive of unrealized, implausible inventions by authentic nineteenth- and twentieth-century inventors. Steampunk Wiki vte Cyberpunk List of cyberpunk works Contributors Bruce BethkePat CadiganPhilip K. DickWilliam GibsonSogo IshiiTom MaddoxMamoru OshiiKatsuhiro OtomoRudy RuckerRidley ScottJohn ShirleyMasamune ShirowNeal StephensonBruce Sterling Subcultures Japanese cyberpunkCyberdelicCybergothCypherpunkElectrohippies Themes Philosophy TranshumanismCognitive libertyMorphological freedomHuman enhancementArtificial intelligence AI in fictionCyberspace CybercrimeCybercultureDigital Revolution Information AgeInformation revolutionInformation technologyMegacorporation Evil corporationVirtual reality Augmented reality Derivative genres PostcyberpunkTech noirSteampunk worksDieselpunkBiopunk worksNanopunkSolarpunkRaypunk  Category vte Science fiction Outline AuthorsDefinitions HardSoftScientific romanceAnthropologicalHistoryTimelineThe Golden AgeNew Wave Subgenres Comedy SitcomsSocial Apocalyptic and post-apocalypticClimate fictionChristianFeministLibertarianUtopian and dystopianMecha anime and mangaMundaneSpace warfare Space operaMilitarySpace WesternParallel worlds IsekaiScience fantasy‎ Dying EarthPlanetary romanceSuperheroSword and planetTech noir Spy-FiTechno-thrillerTokusatsu kaiju Cyberpunk derivatives Cyberpunk JapaneseSteampunkDieselpunkBiopunkNanopunkSolarpunk Culture ConventionsFandomFanzinesInternet Speculative Fiction DatabaseLibraries and museumsScience Fiction MuseumStudiesWomen in SFWorldcon Region AustralianBengaliBrazilianCanadianChileanChineseCroatianCzechEstonianFrenchHungarianJapaneseNorwegianPolishRomanianRussianSerbianSpanishYugoslav Awards Multimedia AuroraChandlerDragonHugoSeiunSpectrum Cinematic Jules VerneSaturn Literary, art, and audio AstoundingAurealisBSFACampbell MemorialChesleyClarkeCrookDeutscherDickDitmarEndeavorFantLabGalaxyGaughanGeffenGolden DuckGrand MasterGrand PrixHarlandHeinleinIgnotusIllustrators of the FutureKitschiesLambdaLaßwitzLocusNautilusNebulaNommoNortonParsecPrometheusRhyslingSFERASidewiseSkylarkSturgeonSunburstTähtivaeltajaTBDTiptreeTour-ApolloTranslationUraniaVogelWriters of the FutureZajdel Media Literature ComicsMagazinesNovelsPublishersShort stories Stage OperaTheatre Film Film historyFilmsIndiaJapanese animetokusatsu Television TV showsAustralasianBritishCanadianEuropeanJapanese animelive-actionU.S. Themes Technological AstroengineeringArtificial intelligence AI takeoverHolographyRobots and CyborgsSelf-replicating machinesSimulated realitySpacecraftTachyonsTechnomancyWeapons Architectural Dyson sphereMatrioshka brainStellar engineColonizationTerraformingSpace stations and habitats Biological Biological warfareMind uploadingMemory erasureInvisibilityNanotechnologyOrgan transplantationProstheticsEnergy beingEvolutionExtraterrestrials ListGenetic engineeringGenderGroup mindParasitesSex and sexualitySuperhabitable planetSymbiosisSimulated consciousness Physical Black holesHyperspaceTime travel (Viewer)AnsibleBoom tubeInertialessSpace travelTeleportationWarp driveWormholePortable holeStargateUltrawaveForce fieldMultiverseParallel universesPlanets EarthStars and planetary systems Social Ancient astronautsAlien invasionAlien languageAfricanfuturismAfrofuturismBlackEvil corporationFirst contactFrankenstein complexGalactic empireLGBTMessage from spacePolitical ideasReligious ideasTranshumanismUpliftingWorld governmentXenoarchaeology Related Alternate historyFantasyFictional astronautsFictional technologyFuture historyHorrorMagic realismMuseum of Science FictionRubber scienceScience and technology studiesSense of wonderSpeculative fictionSupernaturalWeirdTechnology and society  Category Portal vte Fantasy fiction HistoryLiteratureMagicSources Subgenres Action-adventure HeroicLost worldSword-and-sandalSword and sorceryWuxia‎Alternate historyChildren's fantasyComedy BangsianContemporary Occult detective fiction‎Paranormal romanceUrban fantasyDark fantasy Dark romanticismFaustianSplatterpunkFairy tale Fairy tale parodies‎Fairytale fantasy‎FantastiqueFantasy of mannersGhost stories‎Gothic fictionGrimdarkHard fantasyHigh fantasyHistorical fantasyIsekaiLitRPGLow fantasyMagical girlMagic realismMythic Mythopoeia‎Mythpunk"Retro" DieselpunkGaslamp fantasySteampunkRomanticScience fantasy‎ Dying EarthPlanetary romanceSuperheroSword and planetShenmoTokusatsu‎ KaijuWeird fiction New weirdWeird menaceWest‎ern fantasy Media Film and television AnimeFilms highest-grossingS&STelevision programs Literature AuthorsBallantine Adult Fantasy seriesComics listThe Encyclopedia of FantasyFantasy MasterworksInternet Speculative Fiction DatabaseList of novels A–HI–RS–ZList of story collectionsNewcastle Forgotten Fantasy LibraryPublishers Magazines FantasticFantastic AdventuresLocusThe Magazine of Fantasy & Science FictionScience FantasyUnknownWeird Tales FéeriesPodcasts Fandom ArtFanspeakFilk musicHarry Potter fandomThe InklingsMythopoeic SocietyReligionTolkien fandomWorks inspired by J. R. R. TolkienWorld Fantasy Convention Awards BalrogBritish FantasyCrawfordDragonGandalfGemmellHugoInternational FantasyJapan FantasyLocusMéliès d'OrMythopoeicNebulaSaturnTähtifantasiaWorld Fantasy Tropes Creatures AngelsDemonsDragonsElementalsFaeriesFamiliarsGhostsImpsJinnKaijuMegafaunaNymphsSkin-walkersSpiritsUndeadUnicornsVampiresWerewolvesYōkaiZombies Characters BarbarianCavemanDamsel in distressDark lordDonorDragonslayerFairy godmotherHeroesMagiciansOccult detective listWild manWitches Magic system Hard and soft ElementsDark / Neutral / LightCeremonialLoveMoonMagic item GrimoireMagic ringMagical weapons Magic swordRunesWand Schools AlchemyDemonologyDivinationEgregoreEvocationIncantationNecromancyRunecraftShamanismShapeshiftingThaumaturgyTheurgyTechnomancyWitchcraft Fantasy races CentaursDwarvesElvesTreantsGiantsGnomesGoblinsGremlinsHalflingsHobgoblinsKoboldsLeprechaunsMerfolk MermaidsMermenOgresOniOrcsTrolls Places and events QuestsWorlds listMapsLost cityHollow EarthAstral plane DreamworldCastleEnchanted forestThieves' guildMagic school Related AllegoryDungeons & DragonsEpic poetryFableFantasticHorror fictionHuman–animal hybridLGBT themes in speculative fictionMechaMythologyScience fictionSupernatural fictionUrban legend  Outline Category vte Film genres By style Action ArthouseHeroic bloodshedHong Kong actionAdventure SurvivalArtBiographicalChristianComedy BlackCommedia all'italiana SexyBromanticDramedyGross outHorrorParodyMo lei tauThrillerRemarriageRomanticSexScrewballSilentSlapstickCyberpunk JapaneseDocumentary AnimatedDocudramaMockumentaryMondoPseudoSemiTravelDrama CalligrafismoDramedyHistoricalLegalMelodrama KoreanErotic Commedia sexy all'italianaPinkSexploitationThrillerEducationalSocial guidanceEpic Sword-and-sandalExperimentalExploitation see Exploitation film templateFantasy ComedyContemporaryFairy taleFantastiqueHighHistoricalMagic realismScienceFilm noir Neo-noirPulp noirTech noirGothic RomanceSouthernSpaceSuburbanUrbanHorror ArthouseBodyCannibalChinese horrorComedyEcoFantastiqueFound footageGerman undergroundGhostGialloHolidayJapanese horrorKorean horrorLovecraftianMumblegoreNaturalNew French ExtremityPsycho-biddyPsychologicalReligiousScience fictionSlasherSplatterSatanicMaximalist filmMinimalist filmMumblecore MumblegoreMusical BackstageJukeboxMusicarelloOperettaSceneggiataMystery Detective Occult detectiveWhodunitGialloPop culture fictionPornographic Hardcore pornographySoftcore pornographyPropagandaRealityRomantic Comedy BromanticFantasyGothicParanormalThrillerScience fiction ArtComedyFantastiqueFantasyGothicHorrorMilitaryNew WaveParallel universePlanetary romanceSpace operaSteampunkTokusatsuWesternSlice of lifeSlow cinemaThriller ComedyConspiracyEroticFinancialGialloLegalNew French ExtremityPoliticalPsychologicalRomanticTechnoTransgressive Cinema of TransgressionExtreme cinemaNew French ExtremityTrick By theme AnimalsBeach partyBody swapBuddy Buddy copFemaleCannibalChicanoColonialComing-of-ageConcertCrime DetectiveGangsterGentleman thiefGokudōGong'anHeistHeroic bloodshedHoodMafiaMafia comedyMumbai underworldPoliziotteschiYakuzaDanceDisaster ApocalypticDrug PsychedelicStonerDystopianEcchiEconomicEthnographicExploitation BlaxploitationMexploitationTurksploitationExtraterrestrialFood and drinkGendai-gekiGhostGoona-goona epicGothic RomanceSouthernSpaceSuburbanUrbanGirls with gunsHaremHentai LoliconShotaconTentacle eroticaHomelandIsekaiJidaigeki SamuraiKaitōLGBT YaoiYuriLuchadorMagical girlMartial arts BruceploitationChopsockyGun fuKung fuNinjaWuxiaMecha AnimeMonster Giant monsterJiangshiKaijuMummyVampireWerewolfZombie Zombie comedyMountainMouth of GarbageMuslim socialNature Environmental issuesOperaOutlaw bikerOzploitationPartisan filmPiratePrison WomenRaceRape and revengeRoadRubbleRumberasSexploitation Bavarian pornCommedia sexy all'italianaMexican sex comedyNazi exploitationPornochanchadaNunsploitationSex reportShomin-gekiSlaverySlice of lifeSnuffSouth SeasSportsSpy EurospySuperheroSurfingSwashbucklerSword-and-sandalSword and sorceryTravelTrialVigilanteWar Anti-warEuro WarSubmarineWestern AcidFantasyFloridaHorrorMeat pieNorthernOsternRevisionistScience fictionSpaceSpaghetti By movement or period AbsoluteAmerican Eccentric CinemaNew ObjectivityAustralian New WaveAuteur filmsBerlin SchoolBourekasBrighton SchoolBritish New Wave Kitchen sink realismBudapest schoolCalligrafismoCannibal boomCinéma du lookCinema NovoCinema of TransgressionCinéma purCommedia all'italianaCzechoslovak New WaveDocumentary Film MovementDogme 95Erra CinemaEuropean art cinemaFilm grisFree CinemaFrench New WaveGerman ExpressionistGerman underground horrorNigerian Golden AgeGrupo Cine LiberaciónHeimatfilmHollywood on the TiberHong Kong New WaveIranian New WaveItalian futuristItalian neorealistJapanese New WaveKammerspielfilmL.A. RebellionLettristModernist filmMumblecoreNeorealistNew French ExtremityNew GermanNew GenerationNew HollywoodNew NollywoodNew QueerNo waveNuevo Cine MexicanoPan-Indian filmParallel cinemaPersian FilmPoetic realistPolish Film SchoolPoliziotteschiPraška filmska školaPrussian filmPure Film MovementRemodernistRomanian New WaveSlow cinemaSpaghetti WesternSocialist realistSocial realist Kitchen sink realismSoviet ParallelStructuralSurrealistSword-and-sandalTelefoni BianchiThird CinemaToronto New WaveVulgar auteurismYugoslav Black Wave By demographic AdultBlackChildren and family AnimeMen SeinenStagTeen ShōnenShōjoWomen Chick flickJosei By format, technique, approach, or production 3DActualityAnimation AnimeArtCartoonComputerStop-motionTraditionalAnthologyArtB movieBlack-and-whiteBlockbusterCinéma véritéClassical Hollywood cinemaCollageColorCompilationCompositeComputer screenCult midnight movieDatabase cinemaDocufictionEthnofictionExperimental AbstractFeatureFeaturetteFilm à clefFilm-poemFound footageGrindhouseHyperlink cinemaIndependent Guerrilla filmmakingInterstitial artLive action animationLow-budgetMajor studioMaking-ofMasalaMaximalist filmMessage pictureMeta-filmMinimalist filmMockbusterModernist filmMusical shortMythopoeiaNeorealistNo-budgetOne-shotParacinemaParticipatoryPoetryPostmodernistReverse motionSatireSceneggiataSemidocumentarySerialShinpaShortSilentSlow cinemaSocialist realistSoundUndergroundVideo nastyVulgar auteurismZ movie Video-x-generic.svg Film portal vte Gothic Ancient Crimean GothicGothic alphabetGothic ChristianityGothic languageGoths Late medieval Gothic architecture Belarusian GothicBrabantine GothicBrick GothicCzech GothicEnglish GothicFlamboyantFrench GothicIsabellineItalian GothicManuelinePolish GothicPortuguese GothicRayonnantSondergotikSpanish GothicVenetian GothicGothic artGothic script Romanticism American GothicDark RomanticismGothic fictionGothic revival architecture Carpenter / Rural GothicCollegiate GothicDissenting GothicHigh Victorian GothicNeo-ManuelineScottish baronialTroubadourBy specific country CanadaPolandUrban Gothic Modern literature and art New Gothic ArtRaygun GothicSouthern GothicSouthern Ontario GothicSpace GothicSuburban GothicTasmanian Gothic Modern subculture, music and film Gothic subculture CybergothGothic fashionGothic film Gothic romance filmGothic rockGothic metalGothabillyGothic belly danceDark waveGothic punkGothic WesternHorror punkPost-punk See also Black metalCosmicismDanse MacabreDark cultureDark fantasyDeath rockDraculaFantastiqueFrankensteinGerman ExpressionismGialloGloomGothic SatanismGrotesqueGrotesquerieHorror fictionHorror and TerrorHorror-of-demonicHorror-of-personalityIndustrial musicList of gothic festivalsList of gothic fiction worksLolita fashionLovecraftian horrorMagic realismMal du siècleMedievalismMemento MoriMonster literatureMystery fictionNeo-VictorianNew RomanticOccultOccult detectiveOccultismOssuaryParanormal romanceRomanesque revivalRomanticismSteampunkUbi suntUniversal monstersVampire fictionVictorian fashionWeird fictionWeird menace vte Goth subculture Associated music Gothic rockDeath rockCold waveDark waveEthereal wave Regional scenes Camden TownChicagoClevelandSingapore Dark Alternative MovementToronto Notable club nights F Club (1977–1982)Le Phonographique (1979–2005)Batcave (1982–1985)Slimelight (1987–)Death Guild (1993–) Notable events Wave-Gotik-TreffenM'era Luna FestivalDrop Dead FestivalLumous Gothic FestivalWhitby Goth WeekendConvergence (goth festival)Bats Day in the Fun ParkWorld Goth DayList of gothic festivals Art and fashion ArtFashionLip ServiceEdward GoreyWinklepickers Notable figures Robert SmithPeter MurphySiouxsie SiouxIan CurtisAndrew EldritchNick CaveEva ODinah CancerMonica RichardsLisa HammerRozz WilliamsGitane DeMoneCarl McCoyElizabeth FraserDoc Hammer Notable bands The CureChristian DeathBauhausSiouxsie and the BansheesJoy DivisionThe Sisters of MercyThe DamnedAlien Sex FiendDead Can DanceCocteau TwinsFields of the NephilimList of gothic rock artists See also Gother Than ThouSuicide of Nicola Ann RaphaelMurder of Sophie Lancaster Authority control Edit this at Wikidata National libraries France (data)GermanyIsraelUnited States Other Faceted Application of Subject Terminology 2SUDOC (France) 1 Categories: SteampunkFantasy genresScience fiction fandomFantasy fandomHistory of fashionRetro styleScience fantasyScience fiction cultureScience fiction genresScience fiction themesSubcultures1980s neologismsWorks about the Industrial Revolution
Pocket watch Article Talk Read Edit View history Tools From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article is about the portable timepiece. For the Dave Grohl album, see Pocketwatch (album). For the company, see PocketWatch (company). "Watch Chain" redirects here. For the succulent plant, see Crassula muscosa. Savonette with cathedral hands and luminescent dial made by Thos. Russell & Son (probably in the 1920s) A gold pocket watch with hunter-case and watch chain Pocketwatches evolved from clock-watches, supposedly called Nuremberg eggs, worn on chains around the neck. Example by Peter Henlein, 1510, Germanisches Nationalmuseum Nuremberg. X-ray video of a pocket stopwatch with a clear visible mechanics of the watch. Video was taken with 10 X-ray images per second. A pocket watch (or pocketwatch) is a watch that is made to be carried in a pocket, as opposed to a wristwatch, which is strapped to the wrist. They were the most common type of watch from their development in the 16th century until wristwatches became popular after World War I during which a transitional design, trench watches, were used by the military. Pocket watches generally have an attached chain to allow them to be secured to a waistcoat, lapel, or belt loop, and to prevent them from being dropped. Watches were also mounted on a short leather strap or fob, when a long chain would have been cumbersome or likely to catch on things. This fob could also provide a protective flap over their face and crystal. Women's watches were normally of this form, with a watch fob that was more decorative than protective. Chains were frequently decorated with a silver or enamel pendant, often carrying the arms of some club or society, which by association also became known as a fob. Ostensibly practical gadgets such as a watch winding key, vesta case, or a cigar cutter also appeared on watch chains, although usually in an overly decorated style. Also common are fasteners designed to be put through a buttonhole and worn in a jacket or waistcoat, this sort being frequently associated with and named after train conductors. An early reference to the pocket watch is in a letter in November 1462 from the Italian clockmaker Bartholomew Manfredi to the Marchese di Mantova Federico Gonzaga,[citation needed] where he offers him a "pocket clock" better than that belonging to the Duke of Modena. By the end of the 15th century, spring-driven clocks appeared in Italy, and in Germany. Peter Henlein, a master locksmith of Nuremberg, was regularly manufacturing pocket watches by 1526. Thereafter, pocket watch manufacture spread throughout the rest of Europe as the 16th century progressed. Early watches only had an hour hand, the minute hand appearing in the late 17th century.[1][2] History Antique verge fusée pocketwatch movement, from the 1700s A French pocketwatch from the 1920s Main article: History of watches A pocket watch, retrieved from shipwreck of Titanic from unknown victim of sinking The first timepieces to be worn, made in 16th-century Europe, were transitional in size between clocks and watches.[3] These 'clock-watches' were fastened to clothing or worn on a chain around the neck. They were heavy drum shaped brass cylinders several inches in diameter, engraved and ornamented. They had only an hour hand. The face was not covered with glass, but usually had a hinged brass cover, often decoratively pierced with grillwork so the time could be read without opening. The movement was made of iron or steel and held together with tapered pins and wedges, until screws began to be used after 1550. Many of the movements included striking or alarm mechanisms. The shape later evolved into a rounded form; these were later called Nuremberg eggs.[3] Still later in the century there was a trend for unusually shaped watches, and clock-watches shaped like books, animals, fruit, stars, flowers, insects, crosses, and even skulls (Death's head watches) were made. Styles changed in the 17th century and men began to wear watches in pockets instead of as pendants (the woman's watch remained a pendant into the 20th century).[4][5] This is said to have occurred in 1675 when Charles II of England introduced waistcoats.[6] To fit in pockets, their shape evolved into the typical pocket watch shape, rounded and flattened with no sharp edges. Glass was used to cover the face beginning around 1610. Watch fobs began to be used, the name originating from the German word fuppe, a small pocket.[5] The watch was wound and also set by opening the back and fitting a key to a square arbor, and turning it. High resolution image of a clockwork with silver hallmark and precision surface finish Wooden pocket watch XIX-XX. Russian stamp, 2010 Until the second half of the 18th century, watches were luxury items; as an indication of how highly they were valued, English newspapers of the 18th century often include advertisements offering rewards of between one and five guineas merely for information that might lead to the recovery of stolen watches.[citation needed] By the end of the 18th century, however, watches (while still largely hand-made) were becoming more common; special cheap watches were made for sale to sailors, with crude but colorful paintings of maritime scenes on the dials. Up to the 1720s, almost all watch movements were based on the verge escapement, which had been developed for large public clocks in the 14th century. This type of escapement involved a high degree of friction and did not include any kind of jewelling to protect the contacting surfaces from wear. As a result, a verge watch could rarely achieve any high standard of accuracy. (Surviving examples[citation needed] mostly run very fast, often gaining an hour a day or more.) The first widely used improvement was the cylinder escapement, developed by the Abbé de Hautefeuille early in the 18th century and applied by the English maker George Graham. Then, towards the end of the 18th century, the lever escapement (invented by Thomas Mudge in 1755) was put into limited production by a handful of makers including Josiah Emery (a Swiss based in London) and Abraham-Louis Breguet. With this, a domestic watch could keep time to within a minute a day. Lever watches became common after about 1820, and this type is still used in most mechanical watches today. In 1857 the American Watch Company in Waltham, Massachusetts introduced the Waltham Model 57, the first to use interchangeable parts. This cut the cost of manufacture and repair. Most Model 57 pocket watches were in a coin silver ("one nine fine"), a 90% pure silver alloy commonly used in dollar coinage, slightly less pure than the British (92.5%) sterling silver, both of which avoided the higher purity of other types of silver to make circulating coins and other utilitarian silver objects last longer with heavy use. Further information: American system of watch manufacturing A so-called "mystery watch" with a transparent dial, c. 1889, Musée d'Horlogerie of Le Locle, Switzerland. It is the first transparent watch.[7] Watch manufacture was becoming streamlined; the Japy family of Schaffhausen, Switzerland, led the way in this, and soon afterwards the newborn American watch industry developed much new machinery, so that by 1865 the American Watch Company (afterwards known as Waltham) could turn out more than 50,000 reliable watches each year. This development drove the Swiss out of their dominating position at the cheaper end of the market, compelling them to raise the quality of their products and establish themselves as the leaders in precision and accuracy instead. Use in railroading in the United States Main article: Railroad chronometers The rise of railroading during the last half of the 19th century led to the widespread use of pocket watches. A famous train wreck on the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway in Kipton, Ohio on April 19, 1891, occurred because one of the engineers' watches had stopped for four minutes. The railroad officials commissioned Webb C. Ball as their Chief Time Inspector, in order to establish precision standards and a reliable timepiece inspection system for Railroad chronometers. This led to the adoption in 1893 of stringent standards for pocket watches used in railroading. These railroad-grade pocket watches, as they became colloquially known, had to meet the General Railroad Timepiece Standards adopted in 1893 by almost all railroads. These standards read, in part: ...open faced, size 16 or 18, have a minimum of 17 jewels, adjusted to at least five positions, keep time accurately to within 30 seconds a week, adjusted to temps of 34 °F (1 °C) to 100 °F (38 °C), have a double roller, steel escape wheel, lever set, regulator, winding stem at 12 o'clock, and have bold black Arabic numerals on a white dial, with black hands. Types of pocket watches There are two main styles of pocket watch, the hunter-case pocket watch and the open-face pocket watch. Open-face watches An open-face pocket watch made by the Swiss watchmaker Omega, c. 1970 An open-faced, or Lépine,[8] watch, is one in which the case lacks a metal cover to protect the crystal. It is typical for an open-faced watch to have the pendant located at 12:00 and the sub-second dial located at 6:00. Occasionally, a watch movement intended for a hunting case (with the winding stem at 3:00 and sub second dial at 6:00) will have an open-faced case. Such watch is known as a "sidewinder." Alternatively, such a watch movement may be fitted with a so-called conversion dial, which relocates the winding stem to 12:00 and the sub-second dial to 3:00. After 1908, watches approved for railroad service were required to be cased in open-faced cases with the winding stem at 12:00. Hunter-case watches A hunter-case pocket watch is a case with a spring-hinged circular metal lid or cover, that closes over the watch-dial and crystal, protecting them from dust, scratches and other damage or debris. The name originated from England where "fox hunting men found it convenient to be able to open their watch and read the time with one hand, while holding the reins of their 'hunter' (horse) in the other hand".[9] It is also known as a "savonnette", after the French word for soap (savon) due to its resemblance to a round soap bar.[9] The majority of antique and vintage hunter-case watches have the lid-hinges at the 9 o'clock position and the stem, crown and bow of the watch at the 3 o'clock position. Modern hunter-case pocket watches usually have the hinges for the lid at the 6 o'clock position and the stem, crown and bow at the 12 o'clock position, as with open-face watches. In both styles of watch-cases, the sub-seconds dial was always at the 6 o'clock position. A hunter-case pocket watch with a spring-ring chain is pictured at the top of this page. An intermediate type, known as the demi-hunter (or half-hunter), is a case style in which the outer lid has a glass panel or hole in the centre giving a view of the hands. The hours are marked, often in blue enamel, on the outer lid itself; thus with this type of case one can tell the time without opening the lid. Types of watch movements The parts of a pocket watch movement by B. G. Seielstad[10] Key-wind, key-set movements The very first pocket watches, since their creation in the 16th century, up until the third quarter of the 19th century, had key-wind and key-set movements. A watch key was necessary to wind the watch and to set the time. This was usually done by opening the caseback and putting the key over the winding-arbor (which was set over the watch's winding-wheel, to wind the mainspring) or by putting the key onto the setting-arbor, which was connected with the minute-wheel and turned the hands. Some watches of this period had the setting-arbor at the front of the watch, so that removing the crystal and bezel was necessary to set the time. Watch keys are the origin of the class key, common paraphernalia for American high-school and university graduation. Many keywind watch movements make use of a fusee, to improve isochronism. The fusee is a specially cut conical pulley attached by a fine chain to the mainspring barrel. When the spring is fully wound (and its torque the highest), the full length of the chain is wrapped around the fusee and the force of the mainspring is exerted on the smallest diameter portion of the fusee cone. As the spring unwinds and its torque decreases, the chain winds back onto the mainspring barrel and pulls on an increasingly larger diameter portion of the fusee. This provides a more uniform amount of torque on the watch train, and thus results in more consistent balance amplitude and better isochronism. A fusee is a practical necessity in watches using a verge escapement, and can also provide considerable benefit with a lever escapement and other high precision types of escapements (Hamiltons WWII era Model 21 chronometer used a fusee in combination with a detent escapement). Keywind watches are also commonly seen with conventional going barrels and other types of mainspring barrels, particularly in American watchmaking.[citation needed] Stem-wind, stem-set movements The c. 1950 Omega pocket watch is of stem-wind, stem-set movement. Movement of a 1914 Hamilton 992 Railroad grade pocket watch Invented by Adrien Philippe in 1842 and commercialized by Patek Philippe & Co. in the 1850s, the stem-wind, stem-set movement did away with the watch key which was a necessity for the operation of any pocket watch up to that point. The first stem-wind and stem-set pocket watches were sold during the Great Exhibition in London in 1851 and the first owners of these new kinds of watches were Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. Stem-wind, stem-set movements are the most common type of watch-movement found in both vintage and modern pocket watches. The mainstream transition to the use of stem-wind, stem-set watches occurred at around the same time as the end of the manufacture and use of the fusee watch. Fusee chain-driven timing was replaced with a mainspring of better quality spring steel (commonly known as the "going barrel") allowing for a more even release of power to the escape mechanism. The balance wheel and balance spring provide a separate function: to regulate the timing (or escape) of the movement.[citation needed][11] Stem-wind, lever-set movements Mandatory for all railroad watches after roughly 1908, this kind of pocket watch was set by opening the crystal and bezel and pulling out the setting-lever (most hunter-cases have levers accessible without removing the crystal or bezel), which was generally found at either the 10 or 2 o'clock positions on open-faced watches, and at 5:00 on hunting cased watches. Once the lever was pulled out, the crown could be turned to set the time. The lever was then pushed back in and the crystal and bezel were closed over the dial again. This method of time setting on pocket watches was preferred by American and Canadian railroads, as lever setting watches make accidental time changes impossible. After 1908, lever setting was generally required for new watches entering service on American railroads.[citation needed] Stem-wind, pin-set movements Much like the lever-set movements, these pocket watches had a small pin or knob next to the watch-stem that had to be depressed before turning the crown to set the time and releasing the pin when the correct time had been set. This style of watch is occasionally referred to as "nail set", as the set button must be pressed using a fingernail.[citation needed] Adjusted movements Waltham model 1899 pocket watch movement Movement of a gold Elgin pocket watch, c. 1919 Pocket watch movements are occasionally engraved with the word "Adjusted", or "Adjusted to n positions". This means that the watch has been tuned to keep time under various positions and conditions. There are eight possible adjustments: Dial up Dial down Pendant up Pendant down Pendant left Pendant right Temperature (from 34 to 100 degrees Fahrenheit (1 to 38 °C)) Isochronism (the ability of the watch to keep time, regardless of the mainspring's level of tension) Positional adjustments are attained by careful poising (ensuring even weight distribution) of the balance-hairspring system as well as careful control of the shape and polish on the balance pivots. All of this achieves an equalization of the effect of gravity on the watch in various positions. Positional adjustments are achieved through careful adjustment of each of these factors, provided by repeated trials on a timing machine. Thus, adjusting a watch to position requires many hours of labor, increasing the cost of the watch. Medium grade watches were commonly adjusted to 3 positions (dial up, dial down, pendant up) while high grade watches were commonly adjusted to 5 positions (dial up, dial down, stem up, stem left, stem right) or even all 6 positions. Railroad watches were required, after 1908, to be adjusted to 5 positions. 3 positions were the general requirement before that time. Early watches used a solid steel balance. As temperature increased, the solid balance expanded in size, changing the moment of inertia and changing the timing of the watch. In addition, the hairspring would lengthen, decreasing its spring constant. This problem was initially solved through the use of the compensation balance. The compensation balance consisted of a ring of steel sandwiched to a ring of brass. These rings were then split in two places. The balance would, at least theoretically, actually decrease in size with heating to compensate for the lengthening of the hairspring. Through careful adjustment of the placement of the balance screws (brass or gold screws placed in the rim of the balance), a watch could be adjusted to keep time the same at both hot (100 °F (38 °C)) and cold (32 °F (0 °C)) temperatures. Unfortunately, a watch so adjusted would run slow at temperatures between these two. The problem was completely solved through the use of special alloys for the balance and hairspring which were essentially immune to thermal expansion. Such an alloy is used in Hamilton's 992E and 992B. Isochronism was occasionally improved through the use of a stopworks, a system designed to only allow the mainspring to operate within its center (most consistent) range. The most common method of achieving isochronism is through the use of the Breguet overcoil, which places part of the outermost turn of the hairspring in a different plane from the rest of the spring. This allows the hairspring to "breathe" more evenly and symmetrically. Two types of overcoils are found - the gradual overcoil and the Z-Bend. The gradual overcoil is obtained by imposing two gradual twists to the hairspring, forming the rise to the second plane over half the circumference; and the Z-bend does this by imposing two kinks of complementary 45 degree angles, accomplishing a rise to the second plane in about three spring section heights. The second method is done for esthetic reasons and is much more difficult to perform. Due to the difficulty with forming an overcoil, modern watches often use a slightly less effective "dogleg", which uses a series of sharp bends (in plane) to place part of the outermost coil out of the way of the rest of the spring. Decline in popularity This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) An 'Hebdomas' 8 day pocket watch, circa 1920, Musée d'Horlogerie of Le Locle, Switzerland. Patented in 1889, discontinued a number of years and reintroduced in 1968 is still manufactured.[12] An example of the decline and resurgence of the pocket watch. Colibri pocket watch, manufactured mid-1990s. The back case has an extra hinged cover that can be folded out to allow the watch to stand upright on a table. Pocket watches are uncommon in the present day, having first been superseded by wristwatches and later by smartphones. Until early in the 20th century, though, the pocket watch remained predominant for men, with the wristwatch considered feminine and unmanly. In men's fashions, pocket watches began to be superseded by wristwatches around the time of World War I, when officers in the field began to appreciate that a watch worn on the wrist was more easily accessed than one kept in a pocket.[13] A watch of transitional design, combining features of pocket watches and modern wristwatches, was called a "trench watch" or "wristlet". The more accurate pocket watches continued to be widely used in railroading even as their popularity declined elsewhere. The widespread use of pocket watches in a professional environment finally came to an end in approximately 1943.[citation needed] The Royal Navy of the British military distributed to their sailors Waltham pocket watches, which were nine-jewel movements, with black dials, and numbers coated with radium for visibility in the dark, in anticipation of the eventual D-Day invasion.[citation needed] For a few years in the late 1970s and 1980s three-piece suits for men returned to fashion, and this led to small resurgence in pocket watches, as some men actually used the vest pocket for its original purpose.[citation needed] Since then, some watch companies continue to make pocket watches. As vests have long since fallen out of fashion (in the US) as part of formal business wear, the only available location for carrying a watch is in a trouser pocket. The more recent advent of mobile phones and other gadgets that are worn on the waist has diminished the appeal of carrying an additional item in the same location, especially as such pocketable gadgets usually have timekeeping functionality themselves. In some countries, a gift of a gold-cased pocket watch is traditionally awarded to an employee upon their retirement.[14] The pocketwatch has regained popularity with the steampunk subcultural movement embracing the arts and fashions of the Victorian era, during which pocketwatches were nearly ubiquitous.[15] Most complicated pocket watches The Vacheron Constantin Reference 57260 (2015) — 57 complications Patek Philippe Calibre 89 (1989) — 33 complications Patek Philippe Henry Graves Supercomplication (1933) — 24 complications Popular culture Doctor Who features pocket watches used by The Doctor during their first, third, fourth, sixth, seventh, eighth, war, and eleventh incarnations. The Tenth Doctor and The Master in their war incarnation used pocket watches with technology to pose as humans when in hiding. The White Rabbit from Alice in Wonderland was shown to own a pocket watch. See also Movado Ermeto watch List of watch manufacturers List of most expensive watches sold at auction References  "Watch, Mechanical", Science and Technology, How It Works, vol. 19 (3rd ed.), Marshall Cavendish, 2003, p. 2651, ISBN 0-7614-7333-5 in How it Works, 2003, ISBN 0-7614-7314-9.  Campbell, Gordon (2006), The Grove encyclopedia of decorative arts, vol. 1, Oxford University Press, p. 253, ISBN 0-19-518948-5.  Milham 1945, pp. 133–37.  Perez, Carlos (2001). "Artifacts of the Golden Age, part 1". Carlos's Journal. TimeZone. Archived from the original on 2007-02-18. Retrieved 2007-06-06.  Milham 1945, pp. 213–15.  "Pocketwatch". Encyclopedia of Antiques. Vol. Clocks and Watches. Old and Sold.  Juan F. Déniz, The first transparent watch, Antiquarian Horology March 2018  "Lépine watch", Glossary, Fondation de la Haute horlogerie.  "About Watch Cases and Crowns". Vintage Watch Straps. March 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2016.  John E. Lodge, "New triumphs in age-old quest for perfect timepiece" in Popular Science, Vol. 119, No. 6 (December 1931), p. 53.  "Foundation de la Haute Horlogerie". hautehorlogerie.org. hautehorlogerie.org. October 19, 2016.  Hebdomas: The True Story of the 8-Day Pocket Watch, Stephen Foskett  Choi, David. "WWI vets popularized the most important accessory in a gentleman's wardrobe". Business Insider. Retrieved 2021-06-24.  Van Horn, Carl (2003). Work in America. Vol. M–Z. ABC-CLIO. p. 236. ISBN 1-57607-676-8.  Passy, Charles (9 March 2015). "Can a pocket watch outshine the Apple Watch?". MarketWatch. Retrieved 14 October 2016. Bibliography Milham, Willis I (1945), Time and Timekeepers, New York: MacMillan, ISBN 0-7808-0008-7. External links Look up pocket watch in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to pocket watch. "Perfect Timepiece", Popular Mechanics, December 1931. Illustration of workings of common mechanical pocket watch. vte Jewellery Forms AnkletBarretteBelly chainBelt buckleBindiBolo tieBraceletBroochChatelaineCollar pinCrownCufflinkEarringFerronnièreGenitalLapel pinNecklaceNeck ringPectoralPendantRingTiaraTie chainTie clipTie pinToe ringWatch pocketstrap Making People Bench jewelerClockmakerGoldsmithJewellery designerLapidaristSilversmithWatchmaker Processes CarvingCasting centrifugallost-waxvacuumEnamelingEngravingFiligreeKazaziyeMetal clayPlatingPolishingRepoussé and chasingSolderingStonesettingWire sculptureWire wrapped jewelry Tools Draw plateFileHammerMandrelPliers Materials Precious metals GoldPalladiumPlatinumRhodiumSilver Precious metal alloys Britannia silverColored goldCrown goldElectrumShakudōShibuichiSterling silver ArgentiumTumbaga Base metals BrassBronzeCopperMokume-ganeNickel silver (alpacca)PewterPinchbeckStainless steelTitaniumTungsten Mineral gemstones AgateAmazoniteAmethystAventurineBerylCarnelianChrysoberylChrysocollaDiamondDiopsideEmeraldFluoriteGarnetHowliteJadeJasperKyaniteLabradoriteLapis lazuliLarimarMalachiteMarcasiteMoonstoneObsidianOnyxOpalPeridotPrasioliteQuartzRubySapphireSodaliteSpinelSunstoneTanzaniteTiger's eyeTopazTourmalineTurquoiseVarisciteZircon Organic gemstones AbaloneAmberAmmoliteCopalCoral BlackPreciousIvoryJetNacreOperculumPearlTortoiseshell Other natural objects BezoarBog-woodEbonite (vulcanite)Gutta-perchaHairShell Spondylus shellToadstone Terms Art jewelryCarat (mass)Carat (purity)FindingFineness Related topicsBody piercingFashionGemologyMetalworkingPhaleristicsWearable art Authority control: National Edit this at Wikidata FranceBnF dataGermanyIsraelUnited StatesCzech Republic
  • Condition: Usado
  • Condition: In Good Condition for its age
  • Required Level of Weirdness: Totally Bizarre
  • Country/Region of Manufacture: United Kingdom

PicClick Insights - Reloj de bolsillo con esfera solar cadena de brújula de latón antiguo oro brillo caja de madera Reino Unido PicClick Exclusivo

  •  Popularidad - 14 seguidores, 0.4 nuevos seguidores por día, 35 days for sale on eBay. Gran cantidad en seguimiento. 1 vendidos, 1 disponible.
  •  Mejor Precio -
  •  Vendedor - 3.187+ artículos vendidos. 0.3% votos negativos. Gran vendedor con la regeneración positiva muy buena y sobre 50 calificaciones.

La Gente También Amó PicClick Exclusivo