Moneda de Plata de Oro 9/11 3D Stand Up Torres Gemelas Ciudad de Nueva York Estados Unidos Hombre EE. UU.

EUR 28,30 ¡Cómpralo ya! o Mejor oferta, EUR 7,07 Envío, 30-Día Devoluciones, Garantía al cliente de eBay
Vendedor: checkoutmyunqiuefunitems ✉️ (3.666) 99.9%, Ubicación del artículo: Manchester, Take a look at my other items, GB, Realiza envíos a: WORLDWIDE, Número de artículo: 276378096827 Moneda de Plata de Oro 9/11 3D Stand Up Torres Gemelas Ciudad de Nueva York Estados Unidos Hombre EE. UU.. East Coast West Coast Great Plains Gulf Mid-Atlantic Midwestern New England Pacific Central Eastern Northern Northeastern Northwestern Southern Southeastern Southwestern Western Longest rivers. New England The South The West. September 11th 2001 Stand Up 3D Coin Uncirculated Silver & Gold Plated Commemoration Coin Depicts the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center on the New York City Skyline The twin towers are in silver with the rest of the coin in Silver The Twin Towers Can be removed from the coin and stands in a small slit to make an amazing ornament It also has the date it was destroyed September 11th 2001 and the words "In Memory" It has the words "Even Grief Recedes with Time, but we will never forget" The Back of the coin shows the freedom tower which replaced the twin towersT The USA Flag the stars and the stripes in the back ground with the Manhatton Skyline The bottom half of the coin in the Hudson River The reflection of the Freedom Tower in the water is the Twin Tower The words around the coin are "NYPD Counter Terrorism Burea" with stars "Rember the Past - Defend the Future" and "World Trade Center Command" The coin is 40mm in diameter, weighs about  1 oz Comes in air-tight acrylic coin holder with a Deluxe Coin Jewel Case. In Excellent Condition

9/11 Gold & Silver Stand Up 3D Coin

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Would make an Excellent Gift or Collectable Keepsake to Remember 911
Would make an Excellent Gift or Collectable Keepsake Souvenir Click Here to Check out my other Americana Items
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I have sold items to coutries such as  Afghanistan * Albania * Algeria * American Samoa (US) * Andorra * Angola * Anguilla (GB) * Antigua and Barbuda * Argentina * Armenia * Aruba (NL) * Australia * Austria * Azerbaijan * Bahamas * Bahrain * Bangladesh * Barbados * Belarus * Belgium * Belize * Benin * Bermuda (GB) * Bhutan * Bolivia * Bonaire (NL)  * Bosnia and Herzegovina * Botswana * Bouvet Island (NO) * Brazil * British Indian Ocean Territory (GB) * British Virgin Islands (GB) * Brunei * Bulgaria * Burkina Faso * Burundi * Cambodia * Cameroon * Canada * Cape Verde * Cayman Islands (GB) * Central African Republic * Chad * Chile * China * Christmas Island (AU) * Cocos Islands (AU) * Colombia * Comoros * Congo * Democratic Republic of the Congo * Cook Islands (NZ) * Coral Sea Islands Territory (AU) * Costa Rica * Croatia * Cuba * Curaçao (NL)  * Cyprus * Czech Republic * Denmark * Djibouti * Dominica * Dominican Republic * East Timor * Ecuador * Egypt * El Salvador * Equatorial Guinea 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Tianjin, Kuala Lumpur, Toronto, Milan, Shenyang, Dallas, Fort Worth, Boston, Belo Horizonte, Khartoum, Riyadh, Singapore, Washington, Detroit, Barcelona,, Houston, Athens, Berlin, Sydney, Atlanta, Guadalajara, San Francisco, Oakland, Montreal, Monterey, Melbourne, Ankara, Recife, Phoenix/Mesa, Durban, Porto Alegre, Dalian, Jeddah, Seattle, Cape Town, San Diego, Fortaleza, Curitiba, Rome, Naples, Minneapolis, St. Paul, Tel Aviv, Birmingham, Frankfurt, Lisbon, Manchester, San Juan, Katowice, Tashkent, Fukuoka, Baku, Sumqayit, St. Louis, Baltimore, Sapporo, Tampa, St. Petersburg, Taichung, Warsaw, Denver, Cologne, Bonn, Hamburg, Dubai, Pretoria, Vancouver, Beirut, Budapest, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, Campinas, Harare, Brasilia, Kuwait, Munich, Portland, Brussels, Vienna, San Jose, Damman , Copenhagen, Brisbane, Riverside, San Bernardino, Cincinnati and Accra September 11 attacks Part of terrorism in the United States Black smoke billowing over Manhattan from the Twin Towers Rescue workers climb through rubble and smoke at the World Trade Center site, and an American flag flies at left A portion of the Pentagon charred and collapsed, exposing the building's interior A fragment of Flight 93's metal fuselage with two windows, sitting in a forest Illuminated water falls into the square 9/11 Memorial south pool at sunset, and glass-clad One World Trade Center and other skyscrapers rise in the background     From top, left to right: The Twin Towers burningRescue workers at Ground ZeroCollapsed section of the PentagonFragment of the Flight 93 fuselage9/11 Memorial reflecting pool and One World Trade Center Location         New York City, New York, U.S.;     Arlington, Virginia, U.S.;     Stonycreek Township, Pennsylvania, U.S. Date    September 11, 2001; 20 years ago 8:14 a.m.[a] – 10:03 a.m.[b] (EDT) Target         World Trade Center     (AA 11 and UA 175)     The Pentagon (AA 77)     U.S. Capitol or White House     (UA 93; unsuccessful due to diversion by passengers) Attack type          Islamic terrorism     Aircraft hijackings     Suicide attacks     Mass murder Deaths    2,996 (2,977 victims + 19 al-Qaeda terrorists) Injured    ~25,000[1] Perpetrators    Al-Qaeda,[2] led by Osama bin Laden (see also: responsibility) No. of participants     19 Motive    Several; see Motives for the September 11 attacks and Fatawā of Osama bin Laden     vte al-Qaeda attacks The September 11 attacks, commonly known as 9/11,[c] were a series of four coordinated suicide terrorist attacks carried out by the militant Islamic extremist network al-Qaeda[3][4][5] against the United States. On the morning of Tuesday, September 11, 2001, nineteen terrorists hijacked four commercial airliners mid-flight while traveling from the northeastern U.S. to California. The attackers were organized into three groups of five members and one group of four, with each group including one designated flight-trained hijacker who took control of the aircraft. Their goal was to crash the planes into prominent American buildings, inflicting mass casualties and major structural damage. The hijackers successfully crashed the first two planes into the North and South Towers of the World Trade Center in New York City, and the third plane into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia. The fourth plane was intended to hit a federal government building[d] in Washington, D.C., but instead crashed down in a field outside Shanksville, Pennsylvania following a passenger revolt that foiled the attack.[6] The first plane to hit its target was American Airlines Flight 11. It was crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan at 8:46 am. Seventeen minutes later, at 9:03 am, the World Trade Center's South Tower was hit by United Airlines Flight 175. Both 110-story towers collapsed within an hour and forty-two minutes, leading to the collapse of the other World Trade Center structures including 7 World Trade Center, and significantly damaging surrounding buildings. A third hijacked flight, American Airlines Flight 77, crashed into the west side of the Pentagon (the headquarters of the American military) in Arlington County, Virginia at 9:37 am, causing a partial collapse of the building's side. The fourth, and final flight, United Airlines Flight 93, was flown in the direction of Washington, D.C. The plane's passengers, alerted about the previous attacks, attempted to regain control of the aircraft and prevent it from crashing into its intended target. A struggle broke out in the aircraft and the hijackers crashed the plane in a field in Stonycreek Township, Pennsylvania near Shanksville, at 10:03 am. Investigators determined that Flight 93's target was either the U.S. Capitol or the White House. In the immediate aftermath of the attacks, suspicion quickly fell onto al-Qaeda. The United States formally responded by launching the War on Terror and invading Afghanistan to depose the Taliban, which had not complied with U.S. demands to expel al-Qaeda from Afghanistan and extradite their leader Osama bin Laden. In the aftermath of the attacks the United States invoked Article 5 of NATO for the first time and called upon its allies to aid its fight against al-Qaeda. As U.S. and NATO ground forces swept through Afghanistan, bin Laden fled to the White Mountains where he was nearly captured by U.S.-led forces, but managed to escape.[7] Although bin Laden initially denied any involvement, in 2004 he formally claimed responsibility for the attacks.[2] Some of the motivations for the attack Al-Qaeda cited were: U.S. support of Israel, the presence of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia and sanctions against Iraq. After evading capture for almost a decade, bin Laden was located in a hideout in Abbottabad, Pakistan, and subsequently killed by the U.S. military on May 2, 2011. The destruction of the World Trade Center and nearby infrastructure seriously harmed the economy of New York City and created a global economic recession. Many countries strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation and expanded the powers of law enforcement and intelligence agencies to prevent terrorist attacks. The U.S. and Canadian civilian airspaces were closed until September 13, while Wall Street trading was closed until September 17. Many closings, evacuations, and cancellations followed, out of respect or fear of further attacks. Cleanup of the World Trade Center site took eight months and was completed in May 2002, while the Pentagon was repaired within a year. Design of a replacement World Trade Center complex took several years because of the many stakeholders involved. Work on the new iconic building for the site, One World Trade Center, began in November 2006, and opened in November 2014 after several construction delays.[8][9] The attacks resulted in 2,977 fatalities, over 25,000 injuries, and substantial long-term health consequences, in addition to at least $10 billion in infrastructure and property damage.[10][11] It remains the deadliest terrorist attack in human history and the single deadliest incident for firefighters and law enforcement officers in the history of the United States, with 340[12] and 72 killed,[13][14] respectively. Numerous memorials have been constructed, including the National September 11 Memorial & Museum in New York City, the Pentagon Memorial in Arlington County, Virginia, and the Flight 93 National Memorial at the Pennsylvania crash site. Contents Background Further information: Responsibility for the September 11 attacks See also: Jihadist extremism in the United States and 9/11 Commission Report Al-Qaeda Main article: Al-Qaeda Further information: Jihad and Wahhabism The origins of al-Qaeda can be traced to 1979 when the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan. Osama bin Laden traveled to the central Asian country[15] to volunteer, viewing the war as a holy cause to help fellow Muslims (in Afghanistan) defeat Communist invaders (the Soviets).[16] Bin Laden organized fellow Arab mujahideen (the "Afghan Arabs") to resist the Soviets until that country's exit from Afghanistan in 1989.[17] The U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) funneled several billion dollars worth of weapons to the indigenous Afghan mujahideen resistance, a portion of which bled to the Arab volunteers.[18] However, no direct U.S. aid to bin Laden or any of his affiliates has ever been established.[19] In 1996, bin Laden issued his first fatwā, calling for American soldiers to leave Saudi Arabia.[20] In a second fatwā in 1998, bin Laden outlined his objections to American foreign policy with respect to Israel, as well as the continued presence of American troops in Saudi Arabia after the Gulf War.[21] Bin Laden used Islamic texts to exhort Muslims to attack Americans until the stated grievances were reversed. Muslim legal scholars "have throughout Islamic history unanimously agreed that the jihad is an individual duty if the enemy destroys the Muslim countries", according to bin Laden.[21][22] Osama bin Laden Main article: Osama bin Laden Further information: Militant activity of Osama bin Laden Bin Laden circa 1997–1998 Bin Laden orchestrated the attacks. He initially denied involvement, but later recanted his false statements.[2][23][24] Al Jazeera broadcast a statement by him on September 16, 2001: "I stress that I have not carried out this act, which appears to have been carried out by individuals with their own motivation."[25] In November 2001, U.S. forces recovered a videotape from a destroyed house in Jalalabad, Afghanistan. In the video, bin Laden is seen talking to Khaled al-Harbi and admits foreknowledge of the attacks.[26] On December 27, 2001, a second bin Laden video was released. In the video, he said:     It has become clear that the West in general and America in particular have an unspeakable hatred for Islam. ... It is the hatred of crusaders. Terrorism against America deserves to be praised because it was a response to injustice, aimed at forcing America to stop its support for Israel, which kills our people. ... We say that the end of the United States is imminent, whether Bin Laden or his followers are alive or dead, for the awakening of the Muslim ummah [sic] (nation) has occurred. ... It is important to hit the economy (of the United States), which is the base of its military power...If the economy is hit they will become reoccupied.     — Osama bin Laden but he stopped short of admitting responsibility for the attacks.[27] Shortly before the U.S. presidential election in 2004, bin Laden used a taped statement to publicly acknowledge al-Qaeda's involvement in the attacks on the United States. He admitted his direct link to the attacks and said they were carried out because ...     we are free ... and want to regain freedom for our nation. As you undermine our security, we undermine yours.[28] Bin Laden said he had personally directed his followers to attack the World Trade Center and the Pentagon.[29][30] Another video obtained by Al Jazeera in September 2006 shows bin Laden with one of the attacks' chief planners, Ramzi bin al-Shibh, as well as two hijackers, Hamza al-Ghamdi and Wail al-Shehri, as they made preparations for the attacks.[31] The U.S. never formally indicted bin Laden for the 9/11 attacks, but he was on the FBI's Most Wanted List for the bombings of the U.S. Embassies in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and Nairobi, Kenya.[32][33] After a 10-year manhunt, U.S. President Barack Obama announced that bin Laden was killed by American special forces in his compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan, on May 1, 2011.[34] Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Main article: Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Khalid Sheikh Mohammed after his capture in 2003 Journalist Yosri Fouda of the Arabic television channel Al Jazeera reported that in April 2002 al-Qaeda member Khalid Sheikh Mohammed admitted his involvement in the attacks, along with Ramzi bin al-Shibh.[35][36][37] The 2004 9/11 Commission Report determined that the animosity towards the United States felt by Mohammed, the principal architect of the 9/11 attacks, stemmed from his "violent disagreement with U.S. foreign policy favoring Israel".[38] Mohammed was also an adviser and financier of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and the uncle of Ramzi Yousef, the lead bomber in that attack.[39][40] Mohammed was arrested on March 1, 2003, in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, by Pakistani security officials working with the CIA. He was then held at multiple CIA secret prisons and Guantanamo Bay where he was interrogated and tortured with methods including waterboarding.[41][42] During U.S. hearings at Guantanamo Bay in March 2007, Mohammed again confessed his responsibility for the attacks, stating he "was responsible for the 9/11 operation from A to Z" and that his statement was not made under duress.[37][43] A letter presented by Mohammed's lawyers in the U.S. District Court, Manhattan, on July 26, 2019, indicated that he was interested in testifying about Saudi Arabia’s role in the 9/11 attacks and helping the victims and families of the victims of 9/11 in exchange for the United States not seeking the death penalty against him. James Kreindler, one of the lawyers for the victims, raised question over the usefulness of his testimony.[1] Other al-Qaeda members Further information: Trials related to the September 11 attacks In "Substitution for Testimony of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed" from the trial of Zacarias Moussaoui, five people are identified as having been completely aware of the operation's details. They are bin Laden; Khalid Sheikh Mohammed; Ramzi bin al-Shibh; Abu Turab al-Urduni; and Mohammed Atef.[44] To date, only peripheral figures have been tried or convicted for the attacks. On September 26, 2005, the Spanish high court sentenced Abu Dahdah to 27 years in prison for conspiracy on the 9/11 attacks and being a member of the terrorist organization al-Qaeda. At the same time, another 17 al-Qaeda members were sentenced to penalties of between 6 and 11 years.[45] On February 16, 2006, the Spanish Supreme Court reduced Abu Dahdah’s penalty to 12 years because it considered that his participation in the conspiracy was not proven.[46] Also in 2006 Moussaoui, who some originally suspected might have been the assigned twentieth hijacker, was convicted for the lesser role of conspiracy to commit acts of terrorism and air piracy. He was sentenced to life in prison without parole in the United States.[47][48] Mounir el-Motassadeq, an associate of the Hamburg-based hijackers, served 15 years in Germany for his role in helping the hijackers prepare for the attacks. He was released in October 2018 and deported to Morocco.[49] The Hamburg cell in Germany included radical Islamists who eventually came to be key operatives in the 9/11 attacks.[50] Mohamed Atta; Marwan al-Shehhi; Ziad Jarrah; Ramzi bin al-Shibh; and Said Bahaji were all members of al-Qaeda's Hamburg cell.[51] Motives Main article: Motives for the September 11 attacks Further information: Fatwa of Osama bin Laden See also: Islam and violence and Islam and war Osama bin Laden's declaration of a holy war against the United States, and a 1998 fatwā signed by bin Laden and others, calling for the killing of Americans,[21] are seen by investigators as evidence of his motivation.[52] In bin Laden's November 2002 "Letter to America", he explicitly stated that al-Qaeda's motives for their attacks include:     U.S. support of Israel[53][54]     Support for the "attacks against Muslims" in Somalia     Support of Philippines against Muslims in the Moro conflict     Support for Israeli "aggression" against Muslims in Lebanon     Support of Russian "atrocities against Muslims" in Chechnya     Pro-American governments in the Middle East (who "act as your agents") being against Muslim interests     Support of Indian "oppression against Muslims" in Kashmir     The presence of U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia[55]     The sanctions against Iraq[53] After the attacks, bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri released additional videotapes and audio recordings, some of which repeated those reasons for the attacks. Two particularly important publications were bin Laden's 2002 "Letter to America"[56] and a 2004 videotape by bin Laden.[57] Bin Laden interpreted Muhammad as having banned the "permanent presence of infidels in Arabia".[58] In 1996, bin Laden issued a fatwā calling for American troops to leave Saudi Arabia. In 1998, al-Qaeda wrote "for over seven years the United States has been occupying the lands of Islam in the holiest of places, the Arabian Peninsula, plundering its riches, dictating to its rulers, humiliating its people, terrorizing its neighbors, and turning its bases in the Peninsula into a spearhead through which to fight the neighboring Muslim peoples."[59] In a December 1999 interview, bin Laden said he felt that Americans were "too near to Mecca", and considered this a provocation to the entire Muslim world.[60] One analysis of suicide terrorism suggested that without U.S. troops in Saudi Arabia, al-Qaeda likely would not have been able to get people to commit to suicide missions.[61] In the 1998 fatwā, al-Qaeda identified the Iraq sanctions as a reason to kill Americans, condemning the "protracted blockade" among other actions that constitute a declaration of war against "Allah, his messenger, and Muslims."[59] The fatwā declared that "the ruling to kill the Americans and their allies – civilians and military – is an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it, in order to liberate the al-Aqsa Mosque and the holy mosque of Mecca from their grip, and in order for their [the Americans'] armies to move out of all the lands of Islam, defeated and unable to threaten any Muslim."[21][62] In 2004, Bin Laden claimed that the idea of destroying the towers had first occurred to him in 1982, when he witnessed Israel's bombardment of high-rise apartment buildings during the 1982 Lebanon War.[63][64] Some analysts, including Mearsheimer and Walt, also claimed that U.S. support of Israel was one motive for the attacks.[54][60] In 2004 and 2010, bin Laden again connected the September 11 attacks with U.S. support of Israel, although most of the letter expressed bin Laden's disdain for President Bush and bin Laden's hope to "destroy and bankrupt" the U.S.[65][66] Other motives have been suggested in addition to those stated by bin Laden and al-Qaeda. Some authors suggested the "humiliation" that resulted from the Islamic world falling behind the Western world – this discrepancy was rendered especially visible by globalization[67][68] and a desire to provoke the U.S. into a broader war against the Islamic world in the hope of motivating more allies to support al-Qaeda. Similarly, others have argued that 9/11 was a strategic move with the objective of provoking America into a war that would incite a pan-Islamic revolution.[69][70] Documents seized during the 2011 operation that killed bin Laden included a few notes handwritten by bin Laden in September 2002 with the heading “The Birth of the Idea of September 11”. In these notes he describes how he was inspired by the crash of EgyptAir Flight 990 on October 31, 1999, which was deliberately crashed by co-pilot Gameel Al-Batouti. “This is how the idea of 9/11 was conceived and developed in my head, and that is when we began the planning” bin Laden continued, adding that no one but Abu Hafs and Abu al-Khair knew about it at the time. The 9/11 Commission Report identified Khalid Sheikh Mohammed as the architect of 9/11, but he is not mentioned in bin Laden’s notes.[71] Planning Main article: Planning of the September 11 attacks Ground zero and surrounding area as seen from directly above depicting where the two planes impacted the towers Map showing the attacks on the World Trade Center (Planes are not drawn to scale) The attacks were conceived by Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, who first presented it to Osama bin Laden in 1996.[72] At that time, bin Laden and al-Qaeda were in a period of transition, having just relocated back to Afghanistan from Sudan.[73] The 1998 African embassy bombings and bin Laden's February 1998 fatwā marked a turning point of al-Qaeda's terrorist operation,[74] as bin Laden became intent on attacking the United States. In late 1998 or early 1999, bin Laden gave approval for Mohammed to go forward with organizing the plot.[75] Mohammed, bin Laden, and bin Laden's deputy Mohammed Atef held a series of meetings in early 1999.[76] Atef provided operational support, including target selections and helping arrange travel for the hijackers.[73] Bin Laden overruled Mohammed, rejecting potential targets such as the U.S. Bank Tower in Los Angeles for lack of time.[77][78] Diagram showing the attacks on the World Trade Center Bin Laden provided leadership and financial support and was involved in selecting participants.[79] He initially selected Nawaf al-Hazmi and Khalid al-Mihdhar, both experienced jihadists who had fought in Bosnia. Hazmi and Mihdhar arrived in the United States in mid-January 2000. In early 2000, Hazmi and Mihdhar took flying lessons in San Diego, California, but both spoke little English; performed poorly in flying lessons; and eventually served as secondary ("muscle") hijackers.[80][81] In late 1999, a group of men from Hamburg, Germany, arrived in Afghanistan. The group included Mohamed Atta; Marwan al-Shehhi; Ziad Jarrah; and Ramzi bin al-Shibh.[82] Bin Laden selected these men because they were educated, could speak English, and had experience living in the West.[83] New recruits were routinely screened for special skills and al-Qaeda leaders consequently discovered that Hani Hanjour already had a commercial pilot's license.[84] Mohammed later said that he helped the hijackers blend in by teaching them how to order food in restaurants and dress in Western clothing.[85] Hanjour arrived in San Diego on December 8, 2000, joining Hazmi.[86]: 6–7  They soon left for Arizona, where Hanjour took refresher training.[86]: 7  Marwan al-Shehhi arrived at the end of May 2000, while Atta arrived on June 3, 2000, and Jarrah arrived on June 27, 2000.[86]: 6  Bin al-Shibh applied several times for a visa to the United States, but as a Yemeni, he was rejected out of concerns he would overstay his visa.[86]: 4, 14  Bin al-Shibh stayed in Hamburg, providing coordination between Atta and Mohammed.[86]: 16  The three Hamburg cell members all took pilot training in South Florida at Huffman Aviation.[86]: 6  In the spring of 2001, the secondary hijackers began arriving in the United States.[87] In July 2001, Atta met with bin al-Shibh in Spain, where they coordinated details of the plot, including final target selection. Bin al-Shibh also passed along bin Laden's wish for the attacks to be carried out as soon as possible.[88] Some of the hijackers received passports from corrupt Saudi officials who were family members or used fraudulent passports to gain entry.[89] There have been a few theories that 9/11 was selected by the hijackers as the date of the attack because of its resemblance to 9-1-1, the phone number used to report emergencies in the United States. However, Lawrence Wright wrote that the hijackers chose the date when John III Sobieski, the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, began the battle which turned back the Ottoman Empire's Muslim armies that were attempting to capture Vienna on 11 September 1683. During 1683, Vienna was the seat of the Holy Roman Empire and Habsburg monarchy, both major powers in Europe at the time. For Osama bin Laden, this was a date when the West gained some dominance over Islam, and by attacking on this date, he hoped to make a step in Islam "winning" the war for worldwide power and influence.[90] Prior intelligence Main article: September 11 intelligence before the attacks In late 1999, al-Qaeda associate Walid bin Attash ("Khallad") contacted Mihdhar, telling him to meet him in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hazmi and Abu Bara al Yemeni would also be in attendance. The NSA intercepted a telephone call mentioning the meeting, Mihdhar, and the name "Nawaf" (Hazmi). While the agency feared "Something nefarious might be afoot", it took no further action. The CIA had already been alerted by Saudi intelligence about the status of Mihdhar and Hazmi as al-Qaeda members, and a CIA team broke into Mihdhar's Dubai hotel room and discovered that Mihdhar had a U.S. visa. While Alec Station alerted intelligence agencies worldwide about this fact, it did not share this information with the FBI. The Malaysian Special Branch observed the January 5, 2000, meeting of the two al-Qaeda members and informed the CIA that Mihdhar, Hazmi, and Khallad were flying to Bangkok, but the CIA never notified other agencies of this, nor did it ask the State Department to put Mihdhar on its watchlist. An FBI liaison to Alec Station asked permission to inform the FBI of the meeting but was told: "This is not a matter for the FBI."[91] By late June, senior counter-terrorism official Richard Clarke and CIA director George Tenet were "convinced that a major series of attacks was about to come", although the CIA believed the attacks would likely occur in Saudi Arabia or Israel.[92] In early July, Clarke put domestic agencies on "full alert", telling them "Something really spectacular is going to happen here. soon." He asked the FBI and the State Department to alert the embassies and police departments, and the Defense Department to go to "Threat Condition Delta".[93][94] Clarke later wrote: "Somewhere in CIA there was information that two known al Qaeda terrorists had come into the United States. Somewhere in FBI, there was information that strange things had been going on at flight schools in the United States ... They had specific information about individual terrorists from which one could have deduced what was about to happen. None of that information got to me or the White House."[95] On July 13, Tom Wilshire, a CIA agent assigned to the FBI's international terrorism division, emailed his superiors at the CIA's Counterterrorism Center (CTC) requesting permission to inform the FBI that Hazmi was in the country and that Mihdhar had a U.S. visa. The CIA never responded.[96] The same day in July, Margarette Gillespie, an FBI analyst working in the CTC, was told to review material about the Malaysia meeting. She was not told of the participant's presence in the U.S. The CIA gave Gillespie surveillance photos of Mihdhar and Hazmi from the meeting to show to FBI counterterrorism but did not tell her their significance. The Intelink database informed her not to share intelligence material on the meeting with criminal investigators. When shown the photos, the FBI were refused more details on their significance, and they were not given Mihdhar's date of birth nor passport number.[97] In late August 2001, Gillespie told the INS, the State Department, the Customs Service, and the FBI to put Hazmi and Mihdhar on their watchlists, but the FBI was prohibited from using criminal agents in searching for the duo, hindering their efforts.[98] Also in July, a Phoenix-based FBI agent sent a message to FBI headquarters, Alec Station, and FBI agents in New York alerting them to "the possibility of a coordinated effort by Osama bin Laden to send students to the United States to attend civil aviation universities and colleges". The agent, Kenneth Williams, suggested the need to interview all flight school managers and identify all Arab students seeking flight training.[99] In July, Jordan alerted the U.S. that al-Qaeda was planning an attack on the U.S.; "months later", Jordan notified the U.S. that the attack's codename was "The Big Wedding" and that it involved aeroplanes.[100] On August 6, 2001, the CIA's Presidential Daily Brief ("PDB"), designated "For the President Only", was entitled "Bin Ladin Determined to Strike in U.S." The memo noted that FBI information "indicates patterns of suspicious activity in this country consistent with preparations for hijackings or other types of attacks".[101] In mid-August, one Minnesota flight school alerted the FBI about Zacarias Moussaoui, who had asked "suspicious questions". The FBI found that Moussaoui was a radical who had traveled to Pakistan, and the INS arrested him for overstaying his French visa. Their request to search his laptop was denied by FBI headquarters due to the lack of probable cause.[102] The failures in intelligence-sharing were attributed to 1995 Justice Department policies limiting intelligence sharing, combined with CIA and NSA reluctance to reveal "sensitive sources and methods" such as tapped phones.[103] Testifying before the 9/11 Commission in April 2004, then-Attorney General John Ashcroft recalled that the "single greatest structural cause for the September 11th problem was the wall that segregated or separated criminal investigators and intelligence agents".[104] Clarke also wrote: "[T]here were... failures to get information to the right place at the right time."[105] Attacks Further information: Timeline for the day of the September 11 attacks Flight paths of the four planes Early on the morning of September 11, 2001, 19 hijackers took control of four commercial airliners (two Boeing 757s and two Boeing 767s) en route to California (three of them headed to LAX in Los Angeles and one to SFO in San Francisco) after takeoffs from Logan International Airport in Boston, Massachusetts; Newark Liberty International Airport in Newark, New Jersey; and Washington Dulles International Airport in Loudoun and Fairfax counties in Virginia.[106] Large planes with long coast-to-coast flights were selected for hijacking because they would have more fuel.[107] The four flights were:     American Airlines Flight 11: a Boeing 767 aircraft, departed Logan Airport at 7:59 a.m. en route to Los Angeles with a crew of 11 and 76 passengers, not including five hijackers. The hijackers flew the plane into the northern façade of the North Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City at 8:46 a.m.     United Airlines Flight 175: a Boeing 767 aircraft, departed Logan Airport at 8:14 a.m. en route to Los Angeles with a crew of nine and 51 passengers, not including five hijackers. The hijackers flew the plane into the southern façade of the South Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City at 9:03 a.m.     American Airlines Flight 77: a Boeing 757 aircraft, departed Washington Dulles International Airport at 8:20 a.m. en route to Los Angeles with a crew of six and 53 passengers, not including five hijackers. The hijackers flew the plane into the western façade of the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia, at 9:37 a.m.     United Airlines Flight 93: a Boeing 757 aircraft, departed Newark International Airport at 8:42 a.m. en route to San Francisco, with a crew of seven and 33 passengers, not including four hijackers. As passengers attempted to subdue the hijackers, the aircraft crashed into a field in Stonycreek Township, Pennsylvania near Shanksville, at 10:03 a.m. Media coverage was extensive during the attacks and aftermath, beginning moments after the first crash into the World Trade Center.[108] Operator     Flight number     Aircraft type     Time of departure*     Time of crash*     Departed from     En route to     Crash site     Fatalities (There were no survivors from the flights) Crew     Passengers†     Ground§     Hijackers     Total‡ American Airlines     11     Boeing 767-223ER     7:59 a.m.     8:46 a.m.     Logan International Airport     Los Angeles International Airport     North Tower of the World Trade Center     11     76     2,606     5     2,763 United Airlines     175     Boeing 767–222     8:14 a.m.     9:03 a.m.     Logan International Airport     Los Angeles International Airport     South Tower of the World Trade Center     9     51     5 American Airlines     77     Boeing 757–223     8:20 a.m.     9:37 a.m.     Washington Dulles International Airport     Los Angeles International Airport     West wall of Pentagon     6     53     125     5     189 United Airlines     93     Boeing 757–222     8:42 a.m.     10:03 a.m.     Newark Int'l Airport     San Francisco International Airport     Field in Stonycreek Township near Shanksville     7     33     0     4     44 Totals     33     213     2,731     19     2,996 * Eastern Daylight Time (UTC-04:00) † Excluding hijackers § Including emergency workers ‡ Including hijackers The four crashes See also: Media documentation of the September 11 attacks Collapse of the towers as seen from across the Hudson River in New Jersey At 8:46 a.m., five hijackers crashed American Airlines Flight 11 into the northern facade of the World Trade Center's North Tower (1 WTC). At 9:03 a.m., another five hijackers crashed United Airlines Flight 175 into the South Tower’s southern facade (2 WTC).[109][110] Five hijackers flew American Airlines Flight 77 into the Pentagon at 9:37 a.m.[111] A fourth flight, United Airlines Flight 93, crashed near Shanksville, Pennsylvania, southeast of Pittsburgh, at 10:03 a.m. after passengers fought the four hijackers. Flight 93's target is believed to have been either the Capitol or the White House.[107] Flight 93's cockpit voice recorder revealed crew and passengers tried to seize control of the plane from the hijackers after learning through phone calls that Flights 11, 77, and 175 had been crashed into buildings that morning.[112] Once it became evident that the passengers might gain control, the hijackers rolled the plane and intentionally crashed it.[113][114] The north face of Two World Trade Center (South Tower) immediately after being struck by United Airlines Flight 175 Some passengers and crew members who called from the aircraft using the cabin air phone service and mobile phones provided details: several hijackers were aboard each plane; they used mace, tear gas, or pepper spray to overcome attendants; and some people aboard had been stabbed.[115] Reports indicated hijackers stabbed and killed pilots, flight attendants, and one or more passengers.[106][116] According to the 9/11 Commission's final report, the hijackers had recently purchased multi-function hand tools and assorted Leatherman-type utility knives with locking blades (which were not forbidden to passengers at the time), but were not found among the possessions left behind by the hijackers.[117][118] A flight attendant on Flight 11, a passenger on Flight 175, and passengers on Flight 93 said the hijackers had bombs, but one of the passengers said he thought the bombs were fake. The FBI found no traces of explosives at the crash sites, and the 9/11 Commission concluded that the bombs were probably fake.[106] Three buildings in the World Trade Center collapsed due to fire-induced structural failure. The South Tower collapsed at 9:59 a.m., having burned for 56 minutes in a fire caused by the impact of United Airlines Flight 175 and the explosion of its fuel. The North Tower collapsed at 10:28 a.m. after burning for 102 minutes.[119] When the North Tower collapsed, debris fell on the nearby 7 World Trade Center building (7 WTC), damaging the building and starting fires. These fires burned for nearly 7 hours, compromising the building's structural integrity, and 7 WTC collapsed at 5:21 p.m.[120][121] The west side of the Pentagon sustained significant damage. Security camera footage of American Airlines Flight 77 hitting the Pentagon.[122] The plane hits the Pentagon approximately 86 seconds after the start of this recording. At 9:42 a.m., the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) grounded all civilian aircraft within the continental U.S., and civilian aircraft already in flight were told to land immediately.[123] All international civilian aircraft were either turned back or redirected to airports in Canada or Mexico, and were banned from landing on United States territory for three days.[124] The attacks created widespread confusion among news organizations and air traffic controllers. Among the unconfirmed and often contradictory news reports aired throughout the day, one of the most prevalent said a car bomb had been detonated at the U.S. State Department's headquarters in Washington, D.C.[125] Another jet (Delta Air Lines Flight 1989) was suspected of having been hijacked, but the aircraft responded to controllers and landed safely in Cleveland, Ohio.[126] In an April 2002 interview, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and Ramzi bin al-Shibh, who are believed to have organized the attacks, said Flight 93's intended target was the United States Capitol, not the White House.[127] During the planning stage of the attacks, Mohamed Atta (Flight 11’s hijacker and pilot) thought the White House might be too tough a target and sought an assessment from Hani Hanjour (who hijacked and piloted Flight 77).[128] Mohammed said al-Qaeda initially planned to target nuclear installations rather than the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, but decided against it, fearing things could "get out of control".[129] Final decisions on targets, according to Mohammed, were left in the hands of the pilots.[128] If any pilot could not reach his intended target, he was to crash the plane.[107] Casualties Main article: Casualties of the September 11 attacks See also: Deaths in September 2001 § 11, and Emergency workers killed in the September 11 attacks The attacks are the deadliest terrorist attacks in world history,[11] causing the deaths of 2,996 people (including the hijackers) and injuring more than 6,000 others.[130] The death toll included 265 on the four planes (from which there were no survivors); 2,606 in the World Trade Center and in the surrounding area; and 125 at the Pentagon.[131][132] Most who died were civilians; the rest included 343 firefighters, 72 law enforcement officers, 55 military personnel, and the 19 terrorists.[133][134] After New York, New Jersey lost the most state citizens.[135] More than 90 countries lost citizens in the attacks;[136] for example, the 67 Britons who died were more than in any other terrorist attack anywhere.[137] In Arlington County, Virginia, 125 Pentagon workers died when Flight 77 crashed into the building’s western side. 70 were civilians and 55 were military personnel, many of whom worked for the United States Army or the United States Navy. The Army lost 47 civilian employees; six civilian contractors; and 22 soldiers, while the Navy lost six civilian employees; three civilian contractors; and 33 sailors. Seven Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) civilian employees died, and one Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) contractor.[138][139][140] Lieutenant General Timothy Maude, an Army Deputy Chief of Staff, was the highest-ranking military official killed at the Pentagon.[141] In New York City, more than 90% of the workers and visitors who died in the towers had been at or above the points of impact. In the North Tower, 1,355 people at or above the point of impact were trapped and died of smoke inhalation; fell or jumped from the tower to escape the smoke and flames; or were killed in the building's collapse. The destruction of all three staircases in the tower when Flight 11 hit made it impossible for anyone above the impact zone to escape. 107 people below the point of impact died.[142] In the South Tower, one stairwell, Stairwell A, was left intact after Flight 175 hit, allowing 14 people located on the floors of impact (including Stanley Praimnath, a man who saw the plane coming at him) and four more from the floors above to escape. New York City 9-1-1 operators who received calls from people inside the tower were not well informed of the situation as it rapidly unfolded and as a result, told callers not to descend the tower on their own.[143] In total 630 people died in the South Tower, fewer than half the number killed in the North Tower.[142] Casualties in the South Tower were significantly reduced because some occupants decided to leave the building as soon as the North Tower was struck, and because Rick Rescorla, head of security at Morgan Stanley, defied an order to remain in place and evacuated almost all of the company's 2,700 employees in the South Tower to safety after Flight 11 had struck the North Tower.[144][145] The failure to order a full evacuation of the South Tower after the first jet crash into the North Tower was described by USA Today as "one of the day's great tragedies".[146] At least 200 people fell or jumped to their deaths from the burning towers (as exemplified in the photograph The Falling Man), landing on the streets and rooftops of adjacent buildings hundreds of feet below.[147] Some occupants of each tower above the point of impact made their way toward the roof in the hope of helicopter rescue, but the roof access doors were locked.[148] No plan existed for helicopter rescues, and the combination of roof equipment, thick smoke, and intense heat prevented helicopters from approaching.[149] A total of 411 emergency workers died as they tried to rescue people and fight fires. The New York City Fire Department (FDNY) lost 343 firefighters, including a chaplain and two paramedics.[150] The New York City Police Department (NYPD) lost 23 officers.[151] The Port Authority Police Department (PAPD) lost 37 officers.[152] Eight emergency medical technicians (EMTs) and paramedics from private emergency medical services (EMS) units were killed.[153] Cantor Fitzgerald L.P. (an investment bank on the North Tower’s 101st–105th floors) lost 658 employees, considerably more than any other employer.[154] Marsh Inc., located immediately below Cantor Fitzgerald on floors 93–100, lost 358 employees,[155][156] and 175 employees of Aon Corporation were also killed.[157] The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) estimated that about 17,400 civilians were in the World Trade Center complex at the time of the attacks. Turnstile counts from the Port Authority suggest 14,154 people were typically in the Twin Towers by 8:45 a.m.[158][page needed][159] Most people below the impact zone safely evacuated the buildings.[160] Weeks after the attack, the death toll was estimated to be over 6,000, more than twice the number of deaths eventually confirmed.[161] The city was only able to identify remains for about 1,600 of the World Trade Center victims. The medical examiner's office collected "about 10,000 unidentified bone and tissue fragments that cannot be matched to the list of the dead".[162] Bone fragments were still being found in 2006 by workers who were preparing to demolish the damaged Deutsche Bank Building. In 2010, a team of anthropologists and archaeologists searched for human remains and personal items at the Fresh Kills Landfill, where 72 more human remains were recovered, bringing the total found to 1,845. DNA profiling continues in an attempt to identify additional victims.[163][164][165] The remains are being held in storage in Memorial Park, outside the New York City Medical Examiner's facilities. It was expected that the remains would be moved in 2013 to a repository behind a wall at the 9/11 museum.[needs update] In July 2011, a team of scientists at the Office of Chief Medical Examiner was still trying to identify remains, in the hope that improved technology will allow them to identify other victims.[165] On August 7, 2017, the 1,641st victim was identified as a result of newly available DNA technology,[166] and a 1,642nd on July 26, 2018.[167] Three more victims were identified in 2019 and further two in 2021. As of September 2021, 1,106 victims are yet to be identified.[168][169] Damage Further information: Collapse of the World Trade Center World Trade Center site (Ground Zero) with an overlay showing the original building locations Remains of 6, 7, and 1 WTC on September 17 Aerial view of the Pentagon Along with the 110-floor Twin Towers, numerous other buildings at the World Trade Center site were destroyed or badly damaged, including WTC buildings 3 through 7 and St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church.[170] The North Tower, South Tower, the Marriott Hotel (3 WTC), and 7 WTC were destroyed. The U.S. Customs House (6 World Trade Center), 4 World Trade Center, 5 World Trade Center, and both pedestrian bridges connecting buildings were severely damaged. The Deutsche Bank Building (still popularly referred to as the Bankers Trust Building) on 130 Liberty Street was partially damaged and demolished some years later, starting in 2007.[171][172] The two buildings of the World Financial Center also suffered damage.[171] The last fires at the World Trade Center site were extinguished on December 20, exactly 100 days after the attacks.[173] The Deutsche Bank Building across Liberty Street from the World Trade Center complex was later condemned as uninhabitable because of toxic conditions inside the office tower, and was deconstructed.[174][175] The Borough of Manhattan Community College's Fiterman Hall at 30 West Broadway was condemned due to extensive damage from the attacks, and was reopened in 2012.[176] Other neighboring buildings (including 90 West Street and the Verizon Building) suffered major damage but have been restored.[177] World Financial Center buildings, One Liberty Plaza, the Millenium Hilton, and 90 Church Street had moderate damage and have since been restored.[178] Communications equipment on top of the North Tower was also destroyed, with only WCBS-TV maintaining a backup transmitter on the Empire State Building, but media stations were quickly able to reroute the signals and resume their broadcasts.[170][179] The PATH train system's World Trade Center station was located under the complex. As a result, the entire station was demolished completely when the towers collapsed, and the tunnels leading to Exchange Place station in Jersey City, New Jersey were flooded with water.[180] The station was rebuilt as the $4 billion World Trade Center Transportation Hub, which reopened in March 2015.[181][182] The Cortlandt Street station on the New York City Subway's IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line was also in close proximity to the World Trade Center complex, and the entire station, along with the surrounding track, was reduced to rubble.[183] The latter station was rebuilt and reopened to the public on September 8, 2018.[184] The Pentagon was severely damaged by the impact of American Airlines Flight 77 and the ensuing fires, causing one section of the building to collapse.[185] As the airplane approached the Pentagon, its wings knocked down light poles and its right engine hit a power generator before crashing into the western side of the building.[186][187] The plane hit the Pentagon at the first-floor level. The front part of the fuselage disintegrated on impact, while the mid and tail sections kept moving for another fraction of a second.[188] Debris from the tail section penetrated the furthest into the building, breaking through 310 feet (94 m) of the three outermost of the building's five rings.[188][189] Rescue efforts Main article: Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center See also: List of emergency and first responder agencies that responded to the September 11 attacks Search and rescue teams inspect the wreckage at Ground Zero on September 13 The New York City Fire Department deployed 200 units (half of the department) to the World Trade Center. Their efforts were supplemented by numerous off-duty firefighters and emergency medical technicians.[190][191][192] The New York City Police Department sent Emergency Service Units and other police personnel and deployed its aviation unit. Once on the scene, the FDNY, the NYPD, and the PAPD did not coordinate efforts and performed redundant searches for civilians.[190][193] As conditions deteriorated, the NYPD aviation unit relayed information to police commanders, who issued orders for its personnel to evacuate the towers; most NYPD officers were able to safely evacuate before the buildings collapsed.[193][194] With separate command posts set up and incompatible radio communications between the agencies, warnings were not passed along to FDNY commanders. After the first tower collapsed, FDNY commanders issued evacuation warnings. Due to technical difficulties with malfunctioning radio repeater systems, many firefighters never heard the evacuation orders. 9-1-1 dispatchers also received information from callers that was not passed along to commanders on the scene.[191] Within hours of the attack, a substantial search and rescue operation was launched. After months of around-the-clock operations, the World Trade Center site was cleared by the end of May 2002.[195] Aftermath Main article: Aftermath of the September 11 attacks See also: Timeline for September following the September 11 attacks The 9/11 attacks resulted in immediate responses to the event, including domestic reactions; closings and cancellations; hate crimes; Muslim-American responses to the event; international responses to the attack; and military responses to the events. An extensive compensation program was quickly established by Congress in the aftermath to compensate the victims and families of victims of the 9/11 attacks as well.[196][197] Immediate response Further information: U.S. military response during the September 11 attacks See also: Communication during the September 11 attacks President George W. Bush is briefed in Sarasota, Florida, where he learned of the attacks unfolding while he was visiting an elementary school. Eight hours after the attacks, Donald Rumsfeld, then U.S. Secretary of Defense, declares "The Pentagon is functioning." At 8:32 a.m., FAA officials were notified Flight 11 had been hijacked and they, in turn, notified the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). NORAD scrambled two F-15s from Otis Air National Guard Base in Massachusetts and they were airborne by 8:53 a.m. Because of slow and confused communication from FAA officials, NORAD had nine minutes' notice, and no notice about any of the other flights before they crashed. After both of the Twin Towers had already been hit, more fighters were scrambled from Langley Air Force Base in Virginia at 9:30 a.m.[198] At 10:20 a.m., Vice President Dick Cheney issued orders to shoot down any commercial aircraft that could be positively identified as being hijacked. These instructions were not relayed in time for the fighters to take action.[198][199][200] Some fighters took to the air without live ammunition, knowing that to prevent the hijackers from striking their intended targets, the pilots might have to intercept and crash their fighters into the hijacked planes, possibly ejecting at the last moment.[201] For the first time in U.S. history, the emergency preparedness plan called Security Control of Air Traffic and Air Navigation Aids (SCATANA) was invoked,[202] thus stranding tens of thousands of passengers across the world.[203] Ben Sliney, in his first day as the National Operations Manager of the FAA,[204] ordered that American airspace would be closed to all international flights, causing about 500 flights to be turned back or redirected to other countries. Canada received 226 of the diverted flights and launched Operation Yellow Ribbon to deal with the large numbers of grounded planes and stranded passengers.[205] The 9/11 attacks had immediate effects on the American people.[206] Police and rescue workers from around the country took a leave of absence from their jobs and traveled to New York City to help recover bodies from the twisted remnants of the Twin Towers.[207] Blood donations across the U.S. surged in the weeks after 9/11.[208][209] The deaths of adults in the attacks resulted in over 3,000 children losing a parent.[210] Subsequent studies documented children's reactions to these actual losses and to feared losses of life, the protective environment in the attacks’ aftermath, and the effects on surviving caregivers.[211][212][213] Domestic reactions Further information: U.S. government response to the September 11 attacks President Bush addressed the nation from the White House at 8:30PM ET. The President spoke to rescue workers at Ground Zero on September 14. 34:18 During a speech to a joint session of Congress, President George W. Bush pledges "to defend freedom against terrorism", September 20, 2001 (audio only). Following the attacks, President George W. Bush's approval rating soared to 90%.[214] On September 20, 2001, he addressed the nation and a joint session of Congress regarding the events of September 11 and the subsequent nine days of rescue and recovery efforts, and described his intended response to the attacks. New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani's highly visible role won him high praise in New York and nationally.[215] Many relief funds were immediately set up to assist the attacks’ victims, with the task of providing financial assistance to the survivors of the attacks and to the victims’ families. By the deadline for victims’ compensation on September 11, 2003, 2,833 applications had been received from the families of those who were killed.[216] Contingency plans for the continuity of government and the evacuation of leaders were implemented soon after the attacks.[203] Congress was not told that the United States had been under a continuity of government status until February 2002.[217] In the largest restructuring of the U.S. government in contemporary history, the United States enacted the Homeland Security Act of 2002, creating the Department of Homeland Security. Congress also passed the USA PATRIOT Act, saying it would help detect and prosecute terrorism and other crimes.[218] Civil liberties groups have criticized the PATRIOT Act, saying it allows law enforcement to invade citizens’ privacy and that it eliminates judicial oversight of law enforcement and domestic intelligence.[219][220][221] In an effort to effectively combat future acts of terrorism, the National Security Agency (NSA) was given broad powers. NSA commenced warrantless surveillance of telecommunications, which was sometimes criticized since it permitted the agency "to eavesdrop on telephone and e-mail communications between the United States and people overseas without a warrant".[222] In response to requests by various intelligence agencies, the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court permitted an expansion of powers by the U.S. government in seeking, obtaining, and sharing information on U.S. citizens as well as non-U.S. people from around the world.[223] Hate crimes See also: Islamophobic incidents and Persecution of Muslims Six days after the attacks, President Bush made a public appearance at Washington, D.C.'s largest Islamic Center and acknowledged the "incredibly valuable contribution" that millions of American Muslims made to their country and called for them "to be treated with respect".[224] Numerous incidents of harassment and hate crimes against Muslims and South Asians were reported in the days following the attacks.[225][226][227] Sikhs were also subject to targeting due to the use of turbans in the Sikh faith, which are stereotypically associated with Muslims. There were reports of attacks on mosques and other religious buildings (including the firebombing of a Hindu temple), and assaults on individuals, including one murder: Balbir Singh Sodhi, a Sikh mistaken for a Muslim, who was fatally shot on September 15, 2001, in Mesa, Arizona.[227] Two dozen members of Osama bin Laden's family were urgently evacuated out of the country on a private charter plane under FBI supervision three days after the attacks.[228] According to an academic study, people perceived to be Middle Eastern were as likely to be victims of hate crimes as followers of Islam during this time. The study also found a similar increase in hate crimes against people who may have been perceived as Muslims, Arabs, and others thought to be of Middle Eastern origin.[229] A report by the South Asian American advocacy group known as South Asian Americans Leading Together documented media coverage of 645 bias incidents against Americans of South Asian or Middle Eastern descent between September 11 and 17 2001. Various crimes such as vandalism, arson, assault, shootings, harassment, and threats in numerous places were documented.[230][231] Women wearing hijab were also targeted.[232] Discrimination and racial profiling Further information: Detentions following the September 11 attacks, Islamophobia in the United States, and Flying while Muslim See also: Airport racial profiling in the United States A poll of Arab-Americans, conducted in May 2002, found that 20% had personally experienced discrimination since September 11. A July 2002 poll of Muslim Americans found that 48% believed their lives had changed for the worse since September 11, and 57% had experienced an act of bias or discrimination.[232] Following the September 11 attacks, many Pakistani Americans identified themselves as Indians to avoid potential discrimination and obtain jobs (Pakistan was created as a result of the partition of India in 1947).[233] By May 2002, there were 488 complaints of employment discrimination reported to the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). 301 of those were complaints from people fired from their jobs. Similarly, by June 2002, the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) had investigated 111 September 11th-related complaints from airline passengers purporting that their religious or ethnic appearance caused them to be singled out at security screenings. DOT investigated an additional 31 complaints from people who alleged they were completely blocked from boarding airplanes on the same grounds.[232] Muslim American response See also: Muslim attitudes towards terrorism Muslim organizations in the United States were swift to condemn the attacks and called "upon Muslim Americans to come forward with their skills and resources to help alleviate the sufferings of the affected people and their families".[234] These organizations included the Islamic Society of North America, American Muslim Alliance, American Muslim Council, Council on American-Islamic Relations, Islamic Circle of North America, and the Shari'a Scholars Association of North America. Along with monetary donations, many Islamic organizations launched blood drives and provided medical assistance, food, and shelter for victims.[235][236][237] Interfaith efforts Curiosity about Islam increased after the attacks. As a result, many mosques and Islamic centers began holding open houses and participating in outreach efforts to educate non-Muslims about the faith. In the first 10 years after the attacks, interfaith community service increased from 8 to 20 percent. and the percentage of US congregations involved in interfaith worship doubled from 7 to 14 percent.[238] International reactions Main article: Reactions to the September 11 attacks The attacks were denounced by mass media and governments worldwide. Across the globe, nations offered pro-American support and solidarity.[239] Leaders in most Middle Eastern countries, as well as Libya and Afghanistan, condemned the attacks. Iraq was a notable exception, with an immediate official statement that, "the American cowboys are reaping the fruit of their crimes against humanity".[240] The government of Saudi Arabia officially condemned the attacks, but privately many Saudis favored bin Laden's cause.[241][242] Although Palestinian Authority (PA) president Yasser Arafat also condemned the attacks, there were reports of celebrations of disputed size in the West Bank, Gaza Strip, and East Jerusalem.[243][244] Palestinian leaders discredited news broadcasters that justified the attacks or showed celebrations,[245] and the Authority claimed such celebration do not represent the Palestinians' sentiment, adding that it would not allow "a few kids" to "smear the real face of the Palestinians".[246][247] Footage by CNN[vague] and other news outlets were suggested by a report originating at a Brazilian university to be from 1991; this was later proven to be a false accusation, resulting in a statement being issued by CNN.[248][249] As in the United States, the aftermath of the attacks saw tensions increase in other countries between Muslims and non-Muslims.[250] United Nations Security Council Resolution 1368 condemned the attacks, and expressed readiness to take all necessary steps to respond and combat all forms of terrorism in accordance with their Charter.[251] Numerous countries introduced anti-terrorism legislation and froze bank accounts they suspected of al-Qaeda ties.[252][253] Law enforcement and intelligence agencies in a number of countries arrested alleged terrorists.[254][255] British Prime Minister Tony Blair said Britain stood "shoulder to shoulder" with the United States.[256] A few days later, Blair flew to Washington, D.C. to affirm British solidarity with the United States. In a speech to Congress nine days after the attacks, which Blair attended as a guest, President Bush declared "America has no truer friend than Great Britain."[257] Subsequently, Prime Minister Blair embarked on two months of diplomacy to rally international support for military action; he held 54 meetings with world leaders and traveled more than 40,000 miles (60,000 km).[258] Vladimir Putin (right) and his then-wife Lyudmila Putina (center) on November 16 The U.S. set up the Guantanamo Bay detention camp to hold inmates they defined as "illegal enemy combatants". The legitimacy of these detentions has been questioned by the European Union and human rights organizations.[259][260][261] On September 25, 2001, Iran's fifth president, Mohammad Khatami, meeting British Foreign Secretary Jack Straw, said: "Iran fully understands the feelings of the Americans about the terrorist attacks in New York and Washington on September 11." He said although the American administrations had been at best indifferent about terrorist operations in Iran (since 1979), the Iranians felt differently and had expressed their sympathetic feelings with bereaved Americans in the tragic incidents in the two cities. He also stated that "Nations should not be punished in place of terrorists."[262] According to Radio Farda's website, when the news of the attacks was released, some Iranian citizens gathered in front of the Embassy of Switzerland in Tehran, which serves as the protecting power of the United States in Iran (U.S. interests-protecting office in Iran), to express their sympathy, and some of them lit candles as a symbol of mourning. This piece of news at Radio Farda's website also states that in 2011, on the anniversary of the attacks, the United States Department of State published a post at its blog, in which the Department thanked the Iranian people for their sympathy and stated that it would never forget Iranian people's kindness on those harsh days.[263] After the attacks, both the President[264][265] and the Supreme Leader of Iran, condemned the attacks. The BBC and Time magazine published reports on holding candlelit vigils for the victims by Iranian citizens on their websites.[266][267] According to Politico Magazine, following the attacks, Sayyed Ali Khamenei, the Supreme Leader of Iran, "suspended the usual 'Death to America' chants at Friday prayers" temporarily.[268] In September 2001, shortly after the attacks, Greek soccer fans burned an Israeli flag and unsuccessfully tried to burn an American flag. Though the American flag did not catch fire, the fans booed during a moment of silence for victims of the attacks.[269] Effects in Afghanistan     If there are Americans clamoring to bomb Afghanistan back to the Stone Age, they ought to know that this nation does not have so far to go. This is a post-apocalyptic place of felled cities, parched land and downtrodden people. — Barry Bearak, The New York Times, September 13, 2001[270] Most of the Afghan population was already going hungry at the time of the September 11 attacks.[271] In the aftermath of the attacks, tens of thousands of people attempted to flee Afghanistan due to the possibility of military retaliation by the United States. Pakistan, already home to many Afghan refugees from previous conflicts, closed its border with Afghanistan on September 17, 2001.[272] Thousands of Afghans also fled to the frontier with Tajikistan, although were denied entry.[273] The Taliban leaders in Afghanistan themselves pleaded against military action, saying "We appeal to the United States not to put Afghanistan into more misery because our people have suffered so much.", referring to two decades of conflict and the humanitarian crisis attached to it.[270] All United Nations expatriates had left Afghanistan after the attacks and no national or international aid workers were at their post. Workers were instead preparing in bordering countries like Pakistan, China and Uzbekistan to prevent a potential "humanitarian catastrophe", amid a critically low food stock for the Afghan population.[274] The World Food Programme stopped importing wheat to Afghanistan on September 12 due to security risks.[275] The Wall Street Journal suggested the creation of a buffer zone in an inevitable war, similarly as in the Bosnian War.[276] Approximately one month after the attacks, the United States led a broad coalition of international forces to overthrow the Taliban regime from Afghanistan for their harboring of al-Qaeda.[272] Though Pakistani authorities were initially reluctant to align themselves with the United States against the Taliban, they permitted the coalition access to their military bases, and arrested and handed over to the U.S. over 600 suspected al-Qaeda members.[277][278] In a speech by the Nizari Ismaili Imam at the Nobel Institute in 2005, Aga Khan IV stated that the "9/11 attack on the United States was a direct consequence of the international community ignoring the human tragedy that was Afghanistan at that time".[279] Military operations Further information: War on terror At 2:40 p.m. on September 11, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld was issuing rapid orders to his aides to look for evidence of Iraqi involvement. According to notes taken by senior policy official Stephen Cambone, Rumsfeld asked for, "Best info fast. Judge whether good enough hit S.H. [Saddam Hussein] at same time. Not only UBL" [Osama bin Laden].[280] Cambone's notes quoted Rumsfeld as saying, "Need to move swiftly – Near term target needs – go massive – sweep it all up. Things related and not."[281][282] In a meeting at Camp David on September 15 the Bush administration rejected the idea of attacking Iraq in response to 9/11.[283] Nonetheless, they later invaded the country with allies, citing "Saddam Hussein's support for terrorism".[284] At the time, as many as seven in ten Americans believed the Iraqi president played a role in the 9/11 attacks.[285] Three years later, Bush conceded that he had not.[286] U.S. soldiers in Afghanistan The NATO council declared that the terrorist attacks on the United States were an attack on all NATO nations that satisfied Article 5 of the NATO charter. This marked the first invocation of Article 5, which had been written during the Cold War with an attack by the Soviet Union in mind.[287] Australian Prime Minister John Howard, who was in Washington, D.C. during the attacks, invoked Article IV of the ANZUS treaty.[288] The Bush administration announced a War on Terror, with the stated goals of bringing bin Laden and al-Qaeda to justice and preventing the emergence of other terrorist networks.[289] These goals would be accomplished by imposing economic and military sanctions against states harboring terrorists, and increasing global surveillance and intelligence sharing.[290] On September 14, 2001, the U.S. Congress passed the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists. It is still in effect, and grants the President the authority to use all "necessary and appropriate force" against those whom he determined "planned, authorized, committed or aided" the September 11 attacks or who harbored said persons or groups.[291] On October 7, 2001, the War in Afghanistan began when U.S. and British forces initiated aerial bombing campaigns targeting Taliban and al-Qaeda camps, then later invaded Afghanistan with ground troops of the Special Forces.[292] This eventually led to the overthrow of the Taliban’s rule of Afghanistan with the Fall of Kandahar on December 7, 2001, by U.S.-led coalition forces.[293] Osama bin Laden, who went into hiding in the White Mountains, was targeted by U.S. coalition forces in the Battle of Tora Bora, but he escaped across the Pakistani border and would remain out of sight for almost ten years.[7] The Philippines and Indonesia, among other nations with their own internal conflicts with Islamic terrorism, also increased their military readiness.[294][295] The military forces of the United States of America and the Islamic Republic of Iran cooperated with each other to overthrow the Taliban regime which had had conflicts with the government of Iran.[268][296] Iran's Quds Force helped U.S. forces and Afghan rebels in the 2001 uprising in Herat.[297][298][299] Effects See also: Post-9/11 Health issues Main article: Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks Survivors covered in dust after the collapse of the towers Hundreds of thousands of tons of toxic debris containing more than 2,500 contaminants, including known carcinogens, were spread across Lower Manhattan due to the Twin Towers’ collapse.[300][301] Exposure to the toxins in the debris is alleged to have contributed to fatal or debilitating illnesses among people who were at Ground Zero.[302][303] The Bush administration ordered the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to issue reassuring statements regarding air quality in the aftermath of the attacks, citing national security, but the EPA did not determine that air quality had returned to pre-September 11 levels until June 2002.[304] Health effects extended to residents, students, and office workers of Lower Manhattan and nearby Chinatown.[305] Several deaths have been linked to the toxic dust, and the victims' names were included in the World Trade Center memorial.[306] Approximately 18,000 people have been estimated to have developed illnesses as a result of the toxic dust.[307] There is also scientific speculation that exposure to various toxic products in the air may have negative effects on fetal development. A notable children's environmental health center is currently[when?] analyzing the children whose mothers were pregnant during the WTC collapse, and were living or working nearby.[308] A study of rescue workers released in April 2010 found that all those studied had impaired lung functions, and that 30%–40% were reporting little or no improvement in persistent symptoms that started within the first year of the attack.[309] Years after the attacks, legal disputes over the costs of illnesses related to the attacks were still in the court system. On October 17, 2006, a federal judge rejected New York City's refusal to pay for health costs for rescue workers, allowing for the possibility of numerous suits against the city.[310] Government officials have been faulted for urging the public to return to lower Manhattan in the weeks shortly after the attacks. Christine Todd Whitman, administrator of the EPA in the attacks’ aftermath, was heavily criticized by a U.S. District Judge for incorrectly saying that the area was environmentally safe.[311] Mayor Giuliani was criticized for urging financial industry personnel to return quickly to the greater Wall Street area.[312] On December 22, 2010, the United States Congress passed the James L. Zadroga 9/11 Health and Compensation Act, which President Barack Obama signed into law on January 2, 2011. It allocated $4.2 billion to create the World Trade Center Health Program, which provides testing and treatment for people suffering from long-term health problems related to the 9/11 attacks.[313][314] The WTC Health Program replaced preexisting 9/11-related health programs such as the Medical Monitoring and Treatment Program and the WTC Environmental Health Center program.[314] Economic Main article: Economic effects of the September 11 attacks The attacks had a significant economic impact on United States and world markets.[315] The stock exchanges did not open on September 11 and remained closed until September 17. Reopening, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) fell 684 points, or 7.1%, to 8921, a record-setting one-day point decline.[316] By the end of the week, the DJIA had fallen 1,369.7 points (14.3%), at the time its largest one-week point drop in history. In 2001 dollars, U.S. stocks lost $1.4 trillion in valuation for the week.[317] In New York City, about 430,000 job-months and $2.8 billion in wages were lost in the first three months after the attacks. The economic effects were mainly on the economy's export sectors.[318] The city's GDP was estimated to have declined by $27.3 billion for the last three months of 2001 and all of 2002. The U.S. government provided $11.2 billion in immediate assistance to the Government of New York City in September 2001, and $10.5 billion in early 2002 for economic development and infrastructure needs.[319] U.S. deficit and debt increases 2001–2008 Also hurt were small businesses in Lower Manhattan near the World Trade Center (18,000 of which were destroyed or displaced), resulting in lost jobs and their consequent wages. Assistance was provided by Small Business Administration loans; federal government Community Development Block Grants; and Economic Injury Disaster Loans.[319] Some 31,900,000 square feet (2,960,000 m2) of Lower Manhattan office space was damaged or destroyed.[320] Many wondered whether these jobs would return, and if the damaged tax base would recover.[321] Studies of 9/11’s economic effects show the Manhattan office real-estate market and office employment were less affected than first feared, because of the financial services industry's need for face-to-face interaction.[322][323] North American air space was closed for several days after the attacks and air travel decreased upon its reopening, leading to a nearly 20% cutback in air travel capacity, and exacerbating financial problems in the struggling U.S. airline industry.[324] The September 11 attacks also led to the U.S. wars in Afghanistan and Iraq,[325] as well as additional homeland security spending, totaling at least $5 trillion.[326] Cultural influence Main article: Cultural influence of the September 11 attacks Further information: List of cultural references to the September 11 attacks, Entertainment affected by the September 11 attacks, and Osama bin Laden in popular culture See also: Osama bin Laden (elephant) The impact of 9/11 extends beyond geopolitics and into society and culture in general. Immediate responses to 9/11 included greater focus on home life and time spent with family, higher church attendance, and increased expressions of patriotism such as the flying of American flags.[327] The radio industry responded by removing certain songs from playlists, and the attacks have subsequently been used as background, narrative, or thematic elements in film, music, literature, and humor. Already-running television shows as well as programs developed after 9/11 have reflected post-9/11 cultural concerns.[328] 9/11 conspiracy theories have become social phenomena, despite lack of support from expert scientists, engineers, and historians.[329] 9/11 has also had a major impact on the religious faith of many individuals; for some it strengthened, to find consolation to cope with the loss of loved ones and overcome their grief; others started to question their faith or lose it entirely, because they could not reconcile it with their view of religion.[330][331] The culture of America succeeding the attacks is noted for heightened security and an increased demand thereof, as well as paranoia and anxiety regarding future terrorist attacks that includes most of the nation. Psychologists have also confirmed that there has been an increased amount of national anxiety in commercial air travel.[332] Anti-Muslim hate crimes rose nearly ten-fold in 2001, and have subsequently remained "roughly five times higher than the pre-9/11 rate."[333] Government policies toward terrorism Further information: Anti-terrorism legislation, Airport security repercussions due to the September 11 attacks, and Legal issues related to the September 11 attacks See also: Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture Alleged "extraordinary rendition" illegal flights of the CIA, as reported by Rzeczpospolita.[334] As a result of the attacks, many governments across the world passed legislation to combat terrorism.[335] In Germany, where several of the 9/11 terrorists had resided and taken advantage of that country's liberal asylum policies, two major anti-terrorism packages were enacted. The first removed legal loopholes that permitted terrorists to live and raise money in Germany. The second addressed the effectiveness and communication of intelligence and law enforcement.[336] Canada passed the Canadian Anti-Terrorism Act, their first anti-terrorism law.[337] The United Kingdom passed the Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 and the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005.[338][339] New Zealand enacted the Terrorism Suppression Act 2002.[340] In the United States, the Department of Homeland Security was created by the Homeland Security Act of 2002 to coordinate domestic anti-terrorism efforts. The USA Patriot Act gave the federal government greater powers, including the authority to detain foreign terror suspects for a week without charge; to monitor terror suspects’ telephone communications, e-mail, and Internet use; and to prosecute suspected terrorists without time restrictions. The FAA ordered that airplane cockpits be reinforced to prevent terrorists gaining control of planes, and assigned sky marshals to flights. Further, the Aviation and Transportation Security Act made the federal government, rather than airports, responsible for airport security. The law created the Transportation Security Administration to inspect passengers and luggage, causing long delays and concern over passenger privacy.[341] After suspected abuses of the USA Patriot Act were brought to light in June 2013 with articles about the collection of American call records by the NSA and the PRISM program (see Global surveillance disclosures (2013–present)), Representative Jim Sensenbrenner,(R- Wisconsin) who introduced the Patriot Act in 2001, said that the NSA overstepped its bounds.[342][343] Criticism of the war on terror has focused on its morality, efficiency, and cost. According to a 2021 study conducted under the auspices of the Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs, the several post-9/11 wars participated in by the United States in its War on Terror have caused the displacement, conservatively calculated, of 38 million people in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Libya, Syria, Yemen, Somalia, and the Philippines.[344][345][346] The study estimated these wars caused the deaths of 897,000 to 929,000 people and cost $8 trillion dollars.[346] The U.S. Constitution and U.S. law prohibits the use of torture, yet such human rights violations occurred during the War on Terror under the euphemism Enhanced interrogation.[347][348] In 2005, The Washington Post and Human Rights Watch (HRW) published revelations concerning CIA flights and "black sites", covert prisons operated by the CIA.[349][350] The term "torture by proxy" is used by some critics to describe situations in which the CIA and other U.S. agencies have transferred suspected terrorists to countries known to employ torture.[351][352] Investigations FBI Further information: Hijackers in the September 11 attacks Immediately after the attacks, the Federal Bureau of Investigation started PENTTBOM, the largest criminal inquiry in United States history. At its height, more than half of the FBI's agents worked on the investigation and followed a half-million leads.[353] The FBI concluded that there was "clear and irrefutable" evidence linking al-Qaeda and bin Laden to the attacks.[354] A head shot of a man in his thirties looking expressionless toward the camera Mohamed Atta, an Egyptian national, was the ringleader of the attacks. The FBI was quickly able to identify the hijackers, including leader Mohamed Atta, when his luggage was discovered at Boston's Logan Airport. Atta had been forced to check two of his three bags due to space limitations on the 19-seat commuter flight he took to Boston. Due to a new policy instituted to prevent flight delays, the luggage failed to make it aboard American Airlines Flight 11 as planned. The luggage contained the hijackers' names, assignments, and al-Qaeda connections. "It had all these Arab-language [sic] papers that amounted to the Rosetta stone of the investigation", said one FBI agent.[355] Within hours of the attacks, the FBI released the names and in many cases the personal details of the suspected pilots and hijackers.[356][357] Abu Jandal, who served as bin Laden’s chief bodyguard for years, confirmed the identity of eight hijackers during interrogations with the FBI on September 17. He had been jailed in a Yemeni prison since 2000.[358][359] On September 27, 2001, photos of all 19 hijackers were released, along with information about possible nationalities and aliases.[360] Fifteen of the men were from Saudi Arabia, two were from the United Arab Emirates, one was from Egypt, and one was from Lebanon.[361] By midday, the U.S. National Security Agency and German intelligence agencies had intercepted communications pointing to Osama bin Laden.[362] Two of the hijackers were known to have traveled with a bin Laden associate to Malaysia in 2000[363] and hijacker Mohammed Atta had previously gone to Afghanistan.[364] He and others were part of a terrorist cell in Hamburg.[365] One of the members of the Hamburg cell in Germany was discovered to have been in communication with Khalid Sheik Mohammed who was identified as a member of al-Qaeda.[366] Authorities in the United States and United Kingdom also obtained electronic intercepts, including telephone conversations and electronic bank transfers, which indicated that Mohammed Atef, a bin Laden deputy, was a key figure in the planning of the 9/11 attacks. Intercepts were also obtained that revealed conversations that took place days before September 11 between bin Laden and an associate in Pakistan. In those conversations, the two referred to "an incident that would take place in America on, or around, September 11" and they discussed potential repercussions. In another conversation with an associate in Afghanistan, bin Laden discussed the "scale and effects of a forthcoming operation." These conversations did not specifically mention the World Trade Center, the Pentagon, or other specifics.[367] Origins of the 19 hijackers Nationality     Number Saudi Arabia      15 United Arab Emirates      2 Egypt      1 Lebanon      1 The FBI did not record the 2,977 deaths from the attacks in their annual violent crime index for 2001. In a disclaimer, the FBI stated that "the number of deaths is so great that combining it with the traditional crime statistics will have an outlier effect that falsely skews all types of measurements in the program's analyses."[368] New York City also did not include the deaths in their annual crime statistics for 2001.[369] CIA Further information: September 11 intelligence before the attacks In 2004, John L. Helgerson, the Inspector General of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), conducted an internal review of the agency's pre-9/11 performance and was harshly critical of senior CIA officials for not doing everything possible to confront terrorism.[370] According to Philip Giraldi in The American Conservative, Helgerson criticized their failure to stop two of the 9/11 hijackers, Nawaf al-Hazmi and Khalid al-Mihdhar, as they entered the United States and their failure to share information on the two men with the FBI.[371][better source needed] In May 2007, senators from both major U.S. political parties drafted legislation to make the review public. One of the backers, Senator Ron Wyden said, "The American people have a right to know what the Central Intelligence Agency was doing in those critical months before 9/11."[372] The report was released in 2009 by President Barack Obama.[370] Congressional inquiry Main article: Joint Inquiry into Intelligence Community Activities before and after the Terrorist Attacks of September 11, 2001 In February 2002, the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence formed a joint inquiry into the performance of the U.S. Intelligence Community.[373] Their 832-page report released in December 2002[374] detailed failings of the FBI and CIA to use available information, including about terrorists the CIA knew were in the United States, in order to disrupt the plots.[375] The joint inquiry developed its information about possible involvement of Saudi Arabian government officials from non-classified sources.[376] Nevertheless, the Bush administration demanded 28 related pages remain classified.[375] In December 2002, the inquiry's chair Bob Graham (D-FL) revealed in an interview that there was "evidence that there were foreign governments involved in facilitating the activities of at least some of the terrorists in the United States."[377] September 11 victim families were frustrated by the unanswered questions and redacted material from the Congressional inquiry and demanded an independent commission.[375] September 11 victim families,[378] members of congress[379] and the Saudi Arabian government are still seeking release of the documents.[380][381] In June 2016, CIA chief John Brennan said that he believes 28 redacted pages of a congressional inquiry into 9/11 will soon be made public, and that they will prove that the government of Saudi Arabia had no involvement in the September 11 attacks.[382] In September 2016, the Congress passed the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act that would allow relatives of victims of the September 11 attacks to sue Saudi Arabia for its government's alleged role in the attacks.[383][384][385] 9/11 Commission Main articles: 9/11 Commission and 9/11 Commission Report See also: Criticism of the 9/11 Commission The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (9/11 Commission), chaired by Thomas Kean and Lee H. Hamilton, was formed in late 2002 to prepare a thorough account of the circumstances surrounding the attacks, including preparedness for and the immediate response to the attacks.[386] On July 22, 2004, the Commission issued the 9/11 Commission Report. The report detailed the events of 9/11, found the attacks were carried out by members of al-Qaeda, and examined how security and intelligence agencies were inadequately coordinated to prevent the attacks. Formed from an independent bipartisan group of mostly former Senators, Representatives, and Governors, the commissioners explained, "We believe the 9/11 attacks revealed four kinds of failures: in imagination, policy, capabilities, and management."[387] The Commission made numerous recommendations on how to prevent future attacks, and in 2011 was dismayed that several of its recommendations had yet to be implemented.[388] National Institute of Standards and Technology Main article: NIST World Trade Center Disaster Investigation See also: 7 World Trade Center § 9/11 and collapse The exterior support columns from the lower level of the South Tower remained standing after the building collapsed. The U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) investigated the collapses of the Twin Towers and 7 WTC. The investigations examined why the buildings collapsed and what fire protection measures were in place, and evaluated how fire protection systems might be improved in future construction.[389] The investigation into the collapse of 1 WTC and 2 WTC was concluded in October 2005 and that of 7 WTC was completed in August 2008.[390] NIST found that the fireproofing on the Twin Towers' steel infrastructures was blown off by the initial impact of the planes and that had this not occurred, the towers likely would have remained standing.[391] A 2007 study of the north tower's collapse published by researchers of Purdue University determined that since the plane's impact had stripped off much of the structure's thermal insulation, the heat from a typical office fire would have softened and weakened the exposed girders and columns enough to initiate the collapse regardless of the number of columns cut or damaged by the impact.[392][393] The director of the original investigation stated that "the towers really did amazingly well. The terrorist aircraft didn't bring the buildings down; it was the fire which followed. It was proven that you could take out two-thirds of the columns in a tower and the building would still stand."[394] The fires weakened the trusses supporting the floors, making the floors sag. The sagging floors pulled on the exterior steel columns causing the exterior columns to bow inward. With the damage to the core columns, the buckling exterior columns could no longer support the buildings, causing them to collapse. Additionally, the report found the towers' stairwells were not adequately reinforced to provide adequate emergency escape for people above the impact zones.[395] NIST concluded that uncontrolled fires in 7 WTC caused floor beams and girders to heat and subsequently "caused a critical support column to fail, initiating a fire-induced progressive collapse that brought the building down".[390] Alleged Saudi government role Main article: Alleged Saudi government role in the September 11 attacks See also: Saudi Arabia–United States relations, Saudi Arabia and state-sponsored terrorism, and The 28 pages In July 2016, the Obama administration released a document compiled by US investigators Dana Lesemann and Michael Jacobson, known as "File 17",[396] which contains a list naming three dozen people, including the suspected Saudi intelligence officers attached to Saudi Arabia's embassy in Washington, D.C.,[397] which connects Saudi Arabia to the hijackers.[398][399] In September 2016, Congress passed the Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act.[400][401] The practical effect of the legislation was to allow the continuation of a longstanding civil lawsuit brought by families of victims of the September 11 attacks against Saudi Arabia for its government's alleged role in the attacks.[402] In March 2018, a U.S. judge formally allowed a suit to move forward against the government of Saudi Arabia brought by 9/11 survivors and victims' families.[400] In 2022, the families of some 9/11 victims obtained two videos and a notepad seized from Saudi national Omar al-Bayoumi by the British courts. The first video showed him hosting a party in San Diego for Nawaf al-Hazmi and Khalid al-Mihdhar, the first two hijackers to arrive in the U.S. The other video showed al-Bayoumi greeting the cleric Anwar al-Awlaki, who was blamed for radicalizing Americans and later killed in a CIA drone strike. The notepad depicted a hand-drawn airplane and some mathematical equations that, according to a pilot's court statement, might have been used to calculate the rate of descent to get to a target. According to a 2017 FBI memo, from the late 1990s up until the 9/11 attack, al-Bayoumi was a paid cooptee of the Saudi General Intelligence Presidency. As of April 2022 he is believed to be living in Saudi Arabia, which has denied any involvment in 9/11.[403] Rebuilding Main articles: Construction of One World Trade Center and World Trade Center site Further information: World Trade Center (2001–present) Rebuilt One World Trade Center nearing completion in July 2013 On the day of the attacks, New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani stated: "We will rebuild. We're going to come out of this stronger than before, politically stronger, economically stronger. The skyline will be made whole again."[404] The damaged section of the Pentagon was rebuilt and occupied within a year of the attacks.[405] The temporary World Trade Center PATH station opened in late 2003 and construction of the new 7 World Trade Center was completed in 2006. Work on rebuilding the main World Trade Center site was delayed until late 2006 when leaseholder Larry Silverstein and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey agreed on financing.[406] The construction of One World Trade Center began on April 27, 2006, and reached its full height on May 20, 2013. The spire was installed atop the building at that date, putting 1 WTC's height at 1,776 feet (541 m) and thus claiming the title of the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere.[407] One WTC finished construction and opened on November 3, 2014.[8][408] On the World Trade Center site, three more office towers were to be built one block east of where the original towers stood.[409] 4 WTC, meanwhile, opened in November 2013, making it the second tower on the site to open behind 7 World Trade Center, as well as the first building on the Port Authority property.[410] 3 WTC opened on June 11, 2018, becoming the fourth skyscraper at the site to be completed.[411] On the 16th anniversary of the 9/11 attacks, a writer for Curbed New York said that although "there is a World Trade Center again", it was not finished, as 2 and 5 WTC did not have definite completion dates, among other things.[412] Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Executive Director from 2008–2011, Christopher O. Ward, is a survivor of the attacks and is credited with getting the construction of the 9/11 site back on track.[413] Memorials Main article: Memorials and services for the September 11 attacks The United States flag flying at half-staff in New York City on September 11, 2014, the thirteenth anniversary of the attacks. The Tribute in Light on September 11, 2006, the fifth anniversary of the attacks Fritz Koenig’s monumental sculpture The Sphere in its final location in Liberty Park In the days immediately following the attacks, many memorials and vigils were held around the world, and photographs of the dead and missing were posted around Ground Zero. A witness described being unable to "get away from faces of innocent victims who were killed. Their pictures are everywhere, on phone booths, street lights, walls of subway stations. Everything reminded me of a huge funeral, people quiet and sad, but also very nice. Before, New York gave me a cold feeling; now people were reaching out to help each other."[414] One of the first memorials was the Tribute in Light, an installation of 88 searchlights at the footprints of the World Trade Center towers.[415] In New York City, the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition was held to design an appropriate memorial on the site.[416] The winning design, Reflecting Absence, was selected in August 2006, and consists of a pair of reflecting pools in the footprints of the towers, surrounded by a list of the victims' names in an underground memorial space.[417] The memorial was completed on September 11, 2011;[418] a museum also opened on site on May 21, 2014.[419] The Sphere by the German sculptor Fritz Koenig is the world's largest bronze sculpture of modern times, and stood between the Twin Towers on the Austin J. Tobin Plaza of the World Trade Center in New York City from 1971 until the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. The sculpture, weighing more than 20 tons, was the only remaining work of art to be recovered largely intact from the ruins of the collapsed Twin Towers after the attacks. Since then, the work of art, known in the USA as The Sphere, has been transformed into an important symbolic monument of 9/11 commemoration. After being dismantled and stored near a hangar at John F. Kennedy International Airport, the sculpture was the subject of the 2001 documentary Koenig's Sphere by filmmaker Percy Adlon. On August 16, 2017, the work was reinstated, installed at the Liberty Park close to the new World Trade Center arial and the 9/11 Memorial.[420] In Arlington County, the Pentagon Memorial was completed and opened to the public on the seventh anniversary of the attacks in 2008.[421][422] It consists of a landscaped park with 184 benches facing the Pentagon.[423] When the Pentagon was repaired in 2001–2002, a private chapel and indoor memorial were included, located at the spot where Flight 77 crashed into the building.[424] In Shanksville, a concrete-and-glass visitor center was opened on September 10, 2015,[425] situated on a hill overlooking the crash site and the white marble Wall of Names.[426] An observation platform at the visitor center and the white marble wall are both aligned beneath the path of Flight 93.[426][427] A temporary memorial is located 500 yards (457 m) from the crash site.[428] New York City firefighters donated a cross made of steel from the World Trade Center and mounted on top of a platform shaped like the Pentagon.[429] It was installed outside the firehouse on August 25, 2008.[430] Many other permanent memorials are elsewhere. Scholarships and charities have been established by the victims' families and by many other organizations and private figures.[431] On every anniversary in New York City, the names of the victims who died there are read out against a background of somber music. The President of the United States attends a memorial service at the Pentagon,[432] and asks Americans to observe Patriot Day with a moment of silence. Smaller services are held in Shanksville, Pennsylvania, which are usually attended by the First lady. See also     Delta 1989 & Korean 085, two other flights that were falsely suspected of being hijacked as part of the September 11 attacks     Air France Flight 8969     Bojinka plot     Federal Express Flight 705     Khobar Towers bombing     List of attacks on U.S. territory     List of aviation incidents involving terrorism     List of deadliest terrorist attacks in the United States     List of Islamist terrorist attacks     List of major terrorist incidents     List of terrorist incidents in New York City     List of terrorist incidents in 2001     Outline of the September 11 attacks     Timeline of al-Qaeda attacks     Timeline of the September 11 attacks     USS Cole bombing     1993 World Trade Center bombing     1998 United States embassy bombing     2006 transatlantic aircraft plot     2007 John F. Kennedy International Airport attack plot     2009 Bronx terrorism plot     2010 transatlantic aircraft bomb plot References Notes The hijackers began their first attack at 8:14 a.m., when a group of five took control of American Flight 11. They then crashed that plane into the North Tower of the World Trade Center at 8:46 a.m., which was the first crash of the attacks. The fourth and final hijacked plane of the attacks was crashed in a Pennsylvania field at 10:03 a.m. which concluded the attacks, as all of the attackers were now dead and all of the hijacked planes destroyed. However, the attackers’ damage continued as the North Tower kept burning for an additional 25 minutes, until it ultimately collapsed by 10:28 a.m. The expression 9/11 is typically pronounced “nine eleven” in English, even in places that use the opposite numerical dating convention; the slash is not pronounced.     determined to be either the U.S. Capitol or the White House Citations "Accused 9/11 mastermind open to role in victims' lawsuit if not executed". Reuters. July 29, 2019. Retrieved July 29, 2019. "Bin Laden claims responsibility for 9/11". CBC News. October 29, 2004. Retrieved September 1, 2011. "Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden appeared in a new message aired on an Arabic TV station Friday night, for the first time claiming direct responsibility for the 2001 attacks against the United States." Moghadam, Assaf (2008). The Globalization of Martyrdom: Al Qaeda, Salafi Jihad, and the Diffusion of Suicide Attacks. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-8018-9055-0. 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Newsweek. August 28, 2018. Stempel, Jonathan (March 28, 2018). "Saudi Arabia must face U.S. lawsuits over Sept. 11 attacks". Reuters. Retrieved November 22, 2018. Horsley, Scott; Chang, Alisa (September 28, 2016). "Senate Votes To Override Obama's Veto On Sept. 11 Lawsuit Bill". NPR.org. NPR. "S.2040 – Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act". Congress.gov. Retrieved May 20, 2016. Herridge, Catherine (April 27, 2022). "Newly released video shows 9/11 hijackers with alleged Saudi intelligence operative". CBS News. Taylor, Tess (September 26, 2001). "Rebuilding in New York". Architecture Week. No. 68. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved September 4, 2011. Oglesby, Christy (September 11, 2002). "Phoenix rises: Pentagon honors 'hard-hat patriots'". CNN. Archived from the original on December 18, 2004. Retrieved May 29, 2014. Bagli, Charles V. (September 22, 2006). "An Agreement Is Formalized on Rebuilding at Ground Zero". The New York Times. Retrieved September 4, 2011. Badia, Erik; Sit, Ryan (May 10, 2013). "One World Trade Center gets spire, bringing it to its full 1,776-foot height". New York Daily News website. Retrieved January 12, 2015. Iyengar, Rishi (November 3, 2014). "One World Trade Center Opens Its Doors". Time. Retrieved January 12, 2015. "Lower Manhattan: Current Construction". Lower Manhattan Construction Command Center. Archived from the original on September 14, 2011. Retrieved September 8, 2011. "NYC's World Trade Tower Opens 40% Empty in Revival". Bloomberg.com. November 12, 2013. Retrieved October 5, 2015. "New World Trade Center to open after years of delays". USA Today. June 10, 2018. Retrieved June 11, 2018. Bindelglass, Evan (September 11, 2017). "The status of the World Trade Center complex, 16 years later". Curbed NY. Retrieved January 11, 2018. "Transcript: Friday, 1/30/09 | Chris Ward, Executive Director of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey" (PDF). twintowersalliance.com. Sigmund, Pete. "Crews Assist Rescuers in Massive WTC Search". Construction Equipment Guide. Retrieved September 4, 2011. "Tribute in light to New York victims". BBC News. March 6, 2002. Retrieved April 1, 2012. "About the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition". World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition. Archived from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved September 4, 2011. "WTC Memorial Construction Begins". CBS News. Associated Press. March 6, 2006. Retrieved September 4, 2011. "A Place of Remembrance". National Geographic. 2011. Archived from the original on November 5, 2014. Retrieved November 5, 2014. "National September 11 Memorial Museum opens". Fox NY. May 21, 2014. Archived from the original on May 21, 2014. Retrieved May 21, 2014. Otterman, Sharon (November 29, 2017). "Battered and Scarred, 'Sphere' Returns to 9/11 Site". The New York Times. Retrieved August 23, 2021. Miroff, Nick (September 11, 2008). "Creating a Place Like No Other". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 4, 2011. Miroff, Nick (September 12, 2008). "A Long-Awaited Opening, Bringing Closure to Many". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 4, 2011. Dwyer, Timothy (May 26, 2007). "Pentagon Memorial Progress Is Step Forward for Families". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 4, 2011. "DefenseLINK News Photos – Pentagon's America's Heroes Memorial". Department of Defense. Archived from the original on November 30, 2009. Retrieved September 4, 2011. "Flight 93 National Memorial – Sources and Detailed Information". nps.gov. National Park Service. n.d. Retrieved January 31, 2017. "13. When will the Memorial be finished?" "Flight 93 National Memorial – Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)" (PDF). nps.gov. National Park Service. May 2013. pp. 22–23. Retrieved January 31, 2017. "A Long Road to a Place of Peace for Flight 93 Families". The New York Times. September 9, 2015. Retrieved September 9, 2015. "Flight 93 Memorial Project". Flight 93 Memorial Project / National Park Service. Archived from the original on April 11, 2008. Retrieved September 4, 2011. Nephin, Dan (August 24, 2008). "Steel cross goes up near flight's 9/11 Pa. crash site". Associated Press. Retrieved September 5, 2011. Gaskell, Stephanie (August 25, 2008). "Pa. site of 9/11 crash gets WTC beam". Daily News. New York. Retrieved September 4, 2011. Fessenden, Ford (November 18, 2002). "9/11; After the World Gave: Where $2 Billion in Kindness Ended Up". The New York Times. Retrieved September 4, 2011.     Newman, Andy (September 11, 2010). "At a Memorial Ceremony, Loss and Tension". The New York Times. Bibliography     "Chapter 1.1: 'We Have Some Planes': Inside the Four Flights" (PDF). 9/11 Commission Report (Report). National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. 2004. Retrieved March 18, 2016.     Alavosius, Mark P.; Rodriquez, Nischal J. (2005). "Unity of Purpose/Unity of effort: Private-Sector Preparedness in Times of Terror". Disaster Prevention & Management. 14 (5): 666. doi:10.1108/09653560510634098.     "American Airlines Flight 77 FDR Report" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. January 31, 2002. Retrieved September 3, 2011.     Averill, Jason D. (2005). Final Reports of the Federal Building and Fire Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster (PDF) (Report). National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Archived from the original (PDF) on May 9, 2009. Retrieved September 2, 2011.     Bergen, Peter L. (2001). Holy War, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama Bin Laden. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-3467-2. Retrieved March 18, 2016.     Bergen, Peter (2006). The Osama Bin Laden I Know: An Oral History of Al Qaeda's Leader. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-9592-5. Retrieved March 18, 2016.     Berner, Brad (2007). The World According to Al Qaeda. Peacock Books. ISBN 978-81-248-0114-7. Retrieved March 18, 2016.     Clarke, Richard (2004). Against All Enemies: Inside America's War on Terror. New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-0-7432-6024-4.     Dwyer, Jim; Flynn, Kevin (2005). 102 Minutes. Times Books. ISBN 978-0-8050-7682-0. Retrieved March 18, 2016.     Final Report on the Collapse of World Trade Center Building 7 (PDF) (Report). National Institute of Standards and Technology. November 2008. Retrieved April 11, 2012.     "Flight Path Study – American Airlines Flight 77" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. February 19, 2002. Retrieved September 3, 2011.     Fouda, Yosri; Fielding, Nick (2004). Masterminds of Terror: The Truth Behind the Most Devastating Terrorist Attack the World Has Ever Seen. Arcade Publishing. ISBN 978-1-55970-717-6. Retrieved March 18, 2016.     Goldberg, Alfred; et al. (2007). Pentagon 9/11. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. ISBN 978-0-16-078328-9. Retrieved March 18, 2016.     Gunaratna, Ronan (2002). Inside Al Qaeda: global network of terror. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-12692-2.     Holmes, Stephen (2006). "Al Qaeda, September 11, 2001". In Diego Gambetta (ed.). Making sense of suicide missions. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-929797-9. Retrieved March 18, 2016.     Ibrahim, Raymond; bin Laden, Osama (2007). The Al Qaeda reader. Random House Digital, Inc. ISBN 978-0-385-51655-6. Retrieved March 18, 2016.     Javorsek II, Daniel; Rose, John; Marshall, Christopher; Leitner, Peter (August 5, 2015). "A Formal Risk-Effectiveness Analysis Proposal for the Compartmentalized Intelligence Security Structure". International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence. 28 (4): 734–61. doi:10.1080/08850607.2015.1051830. S2CID 152911592.     Jessee, Devin (2006). "Tactical Means, Strategic Ends: Al Qaeda's Use of Denial and Deception" (PDF). International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence. 18 (3): 367–88. doi:10.1080/09546550600751941. S2CID 144349098.     Kelley, Christopher (2006). Executing the Constitution: putting the president back into the Constitution. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-6727-5. Retrieved March 18, 2016.     Keppel, Gilles; Milelli, Jean-Pierre; Ghazaleh, Pascale (2008). Al Qaeda in its own words. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-02804-3. Retrieved March 18, 2016.     Lawrence, Bruce (2005). Messages to the world: the statements of Osama Bin Laden. Verso. ISBN 978-1-84467-045-1. Retrieved May 29, 2014.     Martin, Gus (2011). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Terrorism, Second Edition. Sage. ISBN 978-1-4129-8017-3. Retrieved March 18, 2016.     McDermott, Terry (2005). Perfect Soldiers: The 9/11 Hijackers. HarperCollins. pp. 191–92. ISBN 978-0-06-058470-2.     "McKinsey Report". FDNY / McKinsey & Company. August 9, 2002. Archived from the original on June 3, 2010. Retrieved September 25, 2011.     Mearsheimer, John J. (2007). The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-374-17772-0.     Murdico, Suzanne (2003). Osama Bin Laden. Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8239-4467-5.     "The Pentagon Building Performance Report" (PDF). American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). January 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 21, 2011. Retrieved September 3, 2011.     Summers, Anthony; Swan, Robbyn (2011). The Eleventh Day: The Full Story of 9/11 and Osama Bin Laden. New York: Ballantine Books. ISBN 978-1-4000-6659-9. Retrieved March 18, 2016.     Sunder, Shyam S. (2005). Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Retrieved September 2, 2011.     "World Trade Center Building Performance Study – Bankers Trust Building" (PDF). FEMA. May 2002. Retrieved July 12, 2007.     "World Trade Center Building Performance Study – Peripheral Buildings" (PDF). FEMA. May 2002. Retrieved September 3, 2011.     "World Trade Center Building Performance Study" (PDF). Ch. 5 WTC 7 – section 5.5.4. Federal Emergency Management Agency. 2002. Retrieved September 2, 2011.     Wright, Lawrence (2006). The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-41486-2.     Yitzhak, Ronen (Summer 2016). "The War Against Terrorism and For Stability of the Hashemite Regime: Jordanian Intelligence Challenges in the 21st Century". International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence. 29 (2): 213–35. doi:10.1080/08850607.2016.1121038. S2CID 155138286. Further reading     The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks. Cosimo, Inc. July 30, 2010. ISBN 978-1-61640-219-8.     Atkins, Stephen E (2011). The 9/11 Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-921-9.     Bolton, M. Kent (2006). U.S. National Security and Foreign Policymaking After 9/11: Present at the Re-creation. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-5900-4.     Caraley, Demetrios (2002). September 11, terrorist attacks, and U.S. foreign policy. Academy of Political Science. ISBN 978-1-884853-01-2.     Chernick, Howard (2005). Resilient city: the economic impact of 9/11. Russell Sage Foundation. ISBN 978-0-87154-170-3.     Damico, Amy M; Quay, Sara E. (2010). September 11 in Popular Culture: A Guide. Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-35505-9.     Hampton, Wilborn (2003). September 11, 2001: attack on New York City. Candlewick Press. ISBN 978-0-7636-1949-7.     Langley, Andrew (2006). September 11: Attack on America. Compass Point Books. ISBN 978-0-7565-1620-8.     Neria, Yuval; Gross, Raz; Marshall, Randall D.; Susser, Ezra S. (2006). 9/11: mental health in the wake of terrorist attacks. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-83191-8.     Ryan, Allan A. (2015). The 9/11 Terror Cases: Constitutional Challenges in the War against Al Qaeda. University Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0-7006-2132-3.     Strasser, Steven; Whitney, Craig R; United States. Congress. Senate. Select Committee on Intelligence, National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States (2004). The 9/11 investigations: staff reports of the 9/11 Commission: excerpts from the House–Senate joint inquiry report on 9/11: testimony from fourteen key witnesses, including Richard Clarke, George Tenet, and Condoleezza Rice. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-279-4. External links September 11 attacks at Wikipedia's sister projects     Definitions from Wiktionary     Media from Commons     News from Wikinews     Quotations from Wikiquote     Texts from Wikisource     Data from Wikidata     National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States official commission website     List of victims     September 11, 2001, Documentary Project from the U.S. Library of Congress, Memory.loc.gov     September 11, 2001, Web Archive from the U.S. Library of Congress, Minerva     National Security Archive     September 11 Digital Archive: Saving the Histories of September 11, 2001, from the Center for History and New Media and the American Social History Project/Center for Media and Learning     DoD: Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Verbatim Transcript of Combatant Status Review Tribunal Hearing for ISN 10024, from Wikisource     The 9/11 Legacies Project, Oriental Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague     9/11 at 20: A Week of Reflection, Responsible Statecraft, The Quincy Institute Listen to this article (1 hour and 28 minutes) 1:27:43 Spoken Wikipedia icon This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 11 September 2019, and does not reflect subsequent edits. (Audio help · More spoken articles) Multimedia     A Television News Archive     CNN.com     Remembering 9/11     Time.com     Screenshots     Newspaper front pages     vte September 11 attacks Timeline         Planning September 11, 2001 World Trade Center collapse Remainder of September October Post-October Victims         Casualties         emergency workers Hijacked airliners         American Airlines Flight 11 United Airlines Flight 175 American Airlines Flight 77 United Airlines Flight 93 Suspected hijackings         Korean Air Flight 085 Delta Air Lines Flight 1989 Crash sites         World Trade Center         World Trade Center site The Pentagon Stonycreek / Shanksville, Pennsylvania Aftermath         Immediate repercussions         artwork destroyed closings and cancellations detentions Communication Post-9/11         economy local health airport security Reactions         conspiracy theories Rudy Giuliani Unsuccessful terrorist plots Response         U.S. government response U.S. military response         War on Terror Afghanistan North-West Pakistan Rescue and recovery effort         maritime response Financial assistance Operation SUPPORT Operation Yellow Ribbon Memorials and services         9/11 Memorial and Museum World Trade Center Health Program Perpetrators         Responsibility Al-Qaeda Osama bin Laden Alleged Saudi role Motives Hijackers         20th hijacker Hamburg cell Trials Inquiries         U.S. Congressional Inquiry         the 28 pages September 11 intelligence before the attacks         August 2001 CIA warning Phoenix Memo 9/11 Commission         Commission Report criticism NIST investigation PENTTBOM ThinThread Cultural effects         Cultural references         songs comics books Cartoonists Remember 9/11 Entertainment affected Humor Lost artworks Miscellaneous         War games Patriot Day The Falling Man Impending Death Raising the Flag at Ground Zero Tourist Guy hoax Iraq War Twin Towers II Killing of Henryk Siwiak Disappearance of Sneha Anne Philip Murder of Balbir Singh Sodhi Tania Head Jersey Girls Media documentation     Category WikiProject Links to related articles     vte World Trade Center First WTC (1973–2001)         Construction Towers         1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Windows on the World Mall The Bathtub Tenants         1 2 5 6 7 Art         Bent Propeller The Sphere The World Trade Center Tapestry World Trade Center Plaza Sculpture Ideogram Sky Gate, New York Major events         February 26, 1993 bombing January 14, 1998 robbery September 11, 2001 attacks         Collapse Timeline Victims Aftermath Rescue and recovery effort NIST report on collapse Deutsche Bank Building St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church Second WTC (2001–present)     Site, towers, and structures         One         Construction Tenants 2 3 4 5 7 Performing Arts Center Vehicular Security Center Liberty Park         St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church Westfield Mall Artwork (ONE: Union of the Senses) Rapid transit         PATH stations         Transportation Hub New York City Subway stations         Chambers Street–WTC/Park Place/Cortlandt Street (2, ​3​, A, ​C, ​E​, ​N, ​R, and ​W trains) WTC Cortlandt (1 train) Fulton Street (2, ​3​, 4, ​5​, A, ​C​, J, and ​Z trains) Fulton Center         Corbin Building Dey Street Passageway 9/11 memorials         9/11 Tribute Museum National September 11 Memorial & Museum         Competition Memory Foundations Tribute in Light America's Response Monument Empty Sky To the Struggle Against World Terrorism Postcards memorial The Rising memorial Relics from original WTC         The Sphere Cross Survivors' Staircase People         Minoru Yamasaki David Rockefeller Nelson Rockefeller Emery Roth & Sons Austin J. Tobin Christopher O. Ward Larry Silverstein David Childs Michael Arad THINK Team Daniel Libeskind Leslie E. Robertson Welles Crowther Other         Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Silverstein Properties Project Rebirth Take Back The Memorial WTC in popular culture         Film Music 9/11-related media Silver dollar 10048 ZIP code Former:         IFC Twin Towers 2 Brookfield Place         200 Liberty Street 225 Liberty Street 200 Vesey Street 250 Vesey Street Winter Garden Atrium New York Mercantile Exchange Other nearby structures         90 West Street 200 West Street Park51 Verizon Building West Street pedestrian bridges     vte War on terror     War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) Iraq War (2003–2011) Symbolism of terrorism Participants     Operational         ISAF Operation Enduring Freedom participants Afghanistan Northern Alliance Iraq (Iraqi Armed Forces) NATO Pakistan United Kingdom United States European Union Philippines Ethiopia Targets         Osama bin Laden Anwar al-Awlaki al-Qaeda al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula Abu Sayyaf Al-Shabaab Boko Haram Harkat-ul-Jihad al-Islami Hizbul Mujahideen Islamic Courts Union Jaish-e-Mohammed Jemaah Islamiyah Lashkar-e-Taiba Taliban Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Conflicts     Operation Enduring Freedom         War in Afghanistan OEF – Philippines Georgia Train and Equip Program Georgia Sustainment and Stability OEF – Horn of Africa OEF – Trans Sahara Drone strikes in Pakistan Other         Operation Active Endeavour Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) Insurgency in the North Caucasus Moro conflict in the Philippines Iraq War Iraqi insurgency Operation Linda Nchi Terrorism in Saudi Arabia Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa War in Somalia (2006–2009) 2007 Lebanon conflict al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen See also         Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse Axis of evil Bush Doctrine Clash of Civilizations Cold War Combatant Status Review Tribunal Criticism of the war on terror CIA black sites Killing of Osama bin Laden Enhanced interrogation techniques Torture Memos Extrajudicial prisoners Extraordinary rendition Guantanamo Bay detention camp Iranian Revolution Islamic terrorism Islamism Military Commissions Act of 2006 Military Commissions Act of 2009 North Korea and weapons of mass destruction Terrorist Surveillance Program Operation Noble Eagle Operation Eagle Assist Pakistan's role Patriot Act President's Surveillance Program Protect America Act of 2007 September 11 attacks State Sponsors of Terrorism Targeted killing Targeted Killing in International Law Targeted Killings: Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World Unitary executive theory Unlawful combatant Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2011–2016) Withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq (2007–2011) CAGE     Category Commons     vte Al-Qaeda Leadership         Ayman al-Zawahiri Saif al-Adel Khalid Batarfi Ahmad Umar Iyad Ag Ghaly Ezedin Abdel Aziz Khalil Abu Ubaidah Youssef al-Annabi Ali Sayyid Muhamed Mustafa al-Bakri Ibrahim al-Banna Ibrahim al Qosi Mokhtar Belmokhtar Abu Walid al-Masri Amin al-Haq Mohammed Showqi Al-Islambouli Former leadership     Killed         Osama bin Laden (killed) Mohammed Atef Abu Musab al-Zarqawi Haitham al-Badri Abu Yaqub al-Masri Abu Talha al-Sudani Abu Sulayman Al-Jazairi Midhat Mursi Mohamed Moumou Khalid Habib Abu Ghadiya Abu Zubair al-Masri Rashid Rauf Mohammad Hasan Khalil al-Hakim Fahid Mohammed Ally Msalam Sheikh Ahmed Salim Swedan Saad bin Laden Saleh Ali Saleh Nabhan Abdullah Said al Libi Saleh al-Somali Abu Ayyub al-Masri Abu Omar al-Baghdadi Saeed al-Masri Hamza al-Jawfi Ahmed Mohammed Hamed Ali Mohamed Abul-Khair Abu Suleiman al-Naser Huthaifa al-Batawi Ilyas Kashmiri Fazul Abdullah Mohammed Atiyah Abd al-Rahman Anwar al-Awlaki Samir Khan Tariq al-Dahab Muhammad Sa'id Ali Hasan Fahd al-Quso Said Ali al-Shihri Farman Ali Shinwari Qaed Salim Sinan al-Harethi Mustafa Mohamed Fadhil Haitham al-Yemeni Abu Hamza Rabia Muhsin Musa Matwalli Atwah Hassan Ghul Abu-Zaid al Kuwaiti Said Bahaji Omar al-Faruq Abu Laith al-Libi Abu Yahya al-Libi Abdelhamid Abou Zeid Ibrahim Haji Jama Mee'aad Abu Mansoor Al-Amriki Abu Khalid al-Suri Ahmed Abdi Godane Abu Yusuf Al-Turki Adnan Gulshair el Shukrijumah Adam Yahiye Gadahn Harith bin Ghazi al-Nadhari Ibrahim Sulayman Muhammad al-Rubaysh Nasser bin Ali al-Ansi Nasir al-Wuhayshi Othman Ahmad Othman al-Ghamdi Muhsin al-Fadhli Abu Khalil al-Madani Abu Firas al-Suri Ahmed Refai Taha Abu Khayr al-Masri Ibrahim al-Asiri Hamza bin Laden Sari Shihab Asim Umar Qasim al-Raymi Abdelmalek Droukdel Khalid al-Aruri Abdullah Ahmed Abdullah Abu Muhsin al-Masri Captured         Mamdouh Mahmud Salim Wadih el-Hage Khalid al-Fawwaz Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri Khalid Sheikh Mohammed Walid bin Attash Riduan Isamuddin Ali al-Bahlul Ahmed Ghailani Abu Faraj al-Libbi Mustafa Setmariam Nasar Abdul Hadi al Iraqi Muhammad Jafar Jamal al-Kahtani Mohamed Atiq Awayd Al Harbi Younis al-Mauritani Sulaiman Abu Ghaith Abu Anas al-Libi Muhanad Mahmoud Al Farekh Mukhtar Robow Other         Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri (died) Abu Ubaidah al-Masri (died) Mahfouz Ould al-Walid (left) Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (expelled) Abu Mohammad al-Julani (left, disputed) Abu Maria al-Qahtani (left, disputed) Ahmad Salama Mabruk (left, disputed) Abu Omar al-Turkistani (left, disputed) Timeline of attacks         1998 United States embassy bombings 2000 USS Cole bombing 2001 September 11 attacks 2002 Bali bombings 2004 Madrid train bombings 2005 London bombings 2007 Algiers bombings 2008 Islamabad Danish embassy bombing 2008 Islamabad Marriott Hotel bombing 2013 In Amenas hostage crisis 2013 Westgate shopping mall attack 2015 Charlie Hebdo shooting 2015 Garissa University College attack 2015 Bamako hotel attack 2016 Ouagadougou attacks 2016 Grand-Bassam shootings 2016 Bamako attack 2019 Naval Air Station Pensacola shooting Wars         Soviet–Afghan War Afghan Civil War (1989–1992) Afghan Civil War (1992–1996) First Chechen War Afghan Civil War (1996–2001) Second Chechen War War in Afghanistan (2001–2021) Iraq War Somali Civil War War in North-West Pakistan (drone strikes) Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) Syrian civil war Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)         al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Houthi insurgency in Yemen Affiliates         al-Shabaab (Somalia) al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (Yemen) al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (North Africa) Egyptian Islamic Jihad (Egypt) al-Qaeda in the Indian Subcontinent (Indian Subcontinent) Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin (Mali) Charity organizations         Benevolence International Foundation al-Haramain Foundation Media         Al Qaeda Handbook Al Neda As-Sahab Fatawā of Osama bin Laden Inspire Al-Khansaa Kuala Lumpur al-Qaeda Summit Management of Savagery Voice of Jihad Qaedat al-Jihad Global Islamic Media Front Video and audio         Videos and audio recordings of Osama bin Laden Videos and audio recordings of Ayman al-Zawahiri USS Cole bombing Related         Safe houses Al-Qaeda and Saddam Hussein         Timeline Category:Al-Qaeda     vte Osama bin Laden Background         Childhood, education, and personal life Militant activity Beliefs and ideology Search Khartoum compound Abbottabad compound Death         reactions code name controversy conspiracy theories Family         Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden (father) Hamida al-Attas (mother) Najwa Ghanhem (first wife) Abdallah bin Laden (son) Hamza bin Laden (son) Saad bin Laden (son) Omar bin Laden (son) Work         al-Qaeda Wadi al Aqiq Messages to the World Fatawā 2004 video 19 January 2006 tape 7 September 2007 video 11 September 2007 video 20 September 2007 tape (more) In media         In popular culture Growing Up bin Laden Holy War, Inc. The Looming Tower No Easy Day Where in the World Is Osama bin Laden? Zero Dark Thirty Interviews Related         Soviet–Afghan War Allegations of support system in Pakistan for Osama bin Laden Bodyguard Issue Station Relationship with Saddam Hussein         Timeline September 11 attacks Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden False sightings Gary Brooks Faulkner     vte Aviation accidents and incidents in 2001     Jan 23   Yemenia Flight 448     Jan 25   RUTACA Airlines Flight 225     Jan 27   Omsk An-70 crash     Jan 27   Oklahoma State basketball team crash     Jan 31   Japan Airlines mid-air incident     Feb 7   Iberia Airlines Flight 1456     Feb 27   Loganair Flight 670A     Mar 3   Thai Airways International Flight 114     Mar 24   Air Caraïbes Flight 1501     Mar 29   Avjet Gulfstream III crash     Apr 1   Hainan Island incident     Apr 20   Peru shootdown     May 17   Faraz Qeshm Airlines Yak-40 crash     Jul 4   Vladivostok Air Flight 352     Aug 24   Air Transat Flight 236     Aug 25   Marsh Harbour Cessna 402 crash     Aug 29   Binter Mediterráneo Flight 8261     Sep 11   American Airlines Flight 11     Sep 11   United Airlines Flight 175     Sep 11   American Airlines Flight 77     Sep 11   United Airlines Flight 93     Sep 11   Delta Air Lines Flight 1989     Sep 11   Korean Air Flight 085     Sep 15   TAM Flight 9755     Sep 17   Grozny Mi-8 crash     Oct 4   Siberia Airlines Flight 1812     Oct 8   Linate Airport disaster     Oct 10   Flightline Flight 101     Nov 12   American Airlines Flight 587     Nov 12   Fishtail Air Eurocopter AS350 crash     Nov 24   Crossair Flight 3597     Dec 2   AFRF Flight 9064     Dec 22   American Airlines Flight 63 2000   ◀   ▶   2002     vte United States articles History     By event         Pre-Columbian era Colonial era         Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Continental Association United Colonies military history Founding Fathers Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence American Revolution         War Treaty of Paris Articles of Confederation         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liberties Code of Federal Regulations Constitution         federalism preemption separation of powers civil rights Federal Reporter United States Code United States Reports Intelligence         Central Intelligence Agency Defense Intelligence Agency Federal Bureau of Investigation National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency National Reconnaissance Office National Security Agency Office of the Director of National Intelligence Uniformed         Armed Forces         Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Space Force Coast Guard National Guard NOAA Corps Public Health Service Corps     51st state         Political status of Puerto Rico Puerto Rico statehood movement District of Columbia statehood movement Elections         Electoral College Foreign relations         Foreign policy Hawaiian sovereignty movement Ideologies         Anti-Americanism Exceptionalism Nationalism Local government Parties         Democratic Republican Third parties Red states and blue states         Purple America Scandals State government         Governor State legislature State court Imperial Presidency Corruption Economy         By sector         Agriculture Banking Communications Companies Energy Insurance Manufacturing Mining Science and technology Tourism Trade Transportation by state Currency Exports Federal budget Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States Federal Reserve System Financial position Labor unions Public debt Social welfare programs Taxation Unemployment Wall Street Society     Culture         Americana Architecture Cinema Crime Cuisine Dance Demographics Economic issues         affluence eviction home-ownership household income income inequality labor unions middle class personal income poverty standard of living wealth Education         attainment literacy Family structure Fashion Flag Folklore Great American Novel Health         health care health insurance Holidays Homelessness Housing Human rights Languages         American English Indigenous languages ASL             Black American Sign Language HSL Plains Sign Talk Arabic Chinese French German Italian Russian Spanish Literature Media         journalism internet newspapers radio television Music Names National symbols         Columbia Mount Rushmore Statue of Liberty Uncle Sam People Philosophy Political ideologies Race Religion Sexuality         adolescent Social class Society Sports Theater Transportation Video games Visual art Social class         Affluence American Dream Educational attainment Homelessness Home-ownership Household income Income inequality Middle class Personal income Poverty Standard of living Issues         Ages of consent Capital punishment Crime         incarceration Criticism of government Discrimination         affirmative action antisemitism hair texture intersex rights Islamophobia LGBT rights racism same-sex marriage Drug policy Energy policy Environmental issues         Environmental movement Climate change Environmental education Gun politics Health care         abortion health insurance hunger obesity smoking Human rights Immigration         illegal International rankings National security         Mass surveillance Terrorism Separation of church and state     OutlineIndex     Category Portal     vte History of the United States Timeline         Prehistory Pre-Columbian Colonial 1776–1789 1789–1849 1849–1865 1865–1918 1918–1945 1945–1964 1964–1980 1980–1991         Reagan Era 1991–2008 2008–present Topics         Agriculture American Century African Americans Cities The Constitution Demography Economy         Banking Education         Higher education Flag Foreign policy         Diplomacy Immigration Labor LGBT Lumber Medicine Merchant Marine Military         Army Marine Corps Navy Air Force Space Force Coast Guard Music Native Americans Postal service Railway Religion Slavery         Sexual slavery Sports Technology and industry Territorial evolution         Historic regions American frontier Manifest destiny Indian removal Voting rights Women By region         New England The South The West         The West Coast     Category Portal     vte Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia–United States relations United States Diplomatic posts         Embassy of Saudi Arabia, Washington, D.C. Ambassadors of Saudi Arabia to the United States Ambassadors of the United States to Saudi Arabia Quincy House Bureau of Near Eastern Affairs Diplomacy         Operation Hajji Baba United States Military Training Mission Saudi Arabian National Guard Modernization Program Withdrawal of United States troops from Saudi Arabia Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran U.S. support for Saudi-led operations in Yemen 2017 United States–Saudi Arabia arms deal 2017 Riyadh summit International Maritime Security Construct Incidents         1973 attack on the Saudi Embassy in Khartoum US–Saudi Arabia AWACS Sale Saudi Arabia v. Nelson Khobar Towers bombing September 11 attacks         Alleged Saudi role In re Terrorist Attacks on September 11, 2001 Justice Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act Saudi Guantanamo Bay detainees Homaidan Al-Turki United States diplomatic cables leak 2011 alleged Iran assassination plot Assassination of Jamal Khashoggi Naval Air Station Pensacola shooting Related         Golden gimmick Patricia Roush Saudi Aramco Saudi Arabia lobby in the United States         Saudi American Public Relation Affairs Committee WWE in Saudi Arabia King Abdulaziz Air Base King Khalid Military City King Khalid Military College Al-Afaq International School American International School of Jeddah American International School – Riyadh Dhahran School ISG Dammam Islamic Saudi Academy Jeddah International School King Abdullah Academy Yanbu International School Yusr International School Zahrat Al-Sahraa International School House of Bush, House of Saud Category:Saudi Arabia–United States relations Portals: iconModern history flagNew York City iconPolitics flagUnited States flagVirginia Authority control Edit this at Wikidata National libraries         France (data) Germany Israel United States Japan Other         National Archives (US) Categories:     September 11 attacks2000s crimes in New York City2000s crimes in Pennsylvania2000s crimes in Virginia2000s in Manhattan2001 in international relations2001 in New York City2001 in Pennsylvania2001 in Virginia2001 murders in the United States2001 suicides21st-century mass murder in the United StatesAl-Qaeda attacksAnti-AmericanismAnti-Western sentimentAttacks on buildings and structures in 2001Attacks on buildings and structures in the United StatesAttacks on government buildings and structuresAttacks on military installations in the 2000sAttacks on office buildingsAviation accidents and incidents in the United States in 2001Crimes in ManhattanDisasters in New York CityDisasters in PennsylvaniaDisasters in VirginiaFilmed deaths in the United StatesFilmed murder–suicidesGeorge W. Bush administration controversiesHate crimesHigh-rise firesInternational terrorismIslam and violenceIslam-related controversiesIslamic extremismIslamic fundamentalism in the United StatesIslamic terrorism in the United StatesJihadMass murder in New York (state)Mass murder in New York CityMass murder in PennsylvaniaMass murder in the United StatesMass murder in VirginiaMass murder in 2001Mohamed AttaMurder in New York CityMurder–suicides in New York CityMurder–suicides in PennsylvaniaMurder–suicides in VirginiaOsama bin LadenPresidency of George W. BushSaudi Arabia–United States relationsSeptember 2001 crimes in the United StatesSeptember 2001 events in the United StatesSuicides in New York CityTerrorist incidents in New York CityTerrorist incidents in PennsylvaniaTerrorist incidents in the United States in 2001Terrorist incidents in VirginiaThe PentagonWorld Trade Center
  • Condition: In Excellent Condition
  • Features: Commemorative
  • Year of Issue: 2011
  • Modified Item: No
  • Country/Region of Manufacture: United States
  • Material: Metal
  • Variety: Long Island
  • Colour: Gold Silver
  • Modification Description: No
  • Currency: Commerative
  • Fineness: 0.5
  • Options: Commemorative
  • Collections/ Bulk Lots: No
  • Country of Origin: United States

PicClick Insights - Moneda de Plata de Oro 9/11 3D Stand Up Torres Gemelas Ciudad de Nueva York Estados Unidos Hombre EE. UU. PicClick Exclusivo

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